Small Animal Dentistry: Developmental Abnormalities and Hard Tissues Flashcards
Describe Class 1 Malocclusion
- 1 or more teeth are in an abnormal position, but the mandible and maxilla are in normal position and placement
Ex: 1 tooth pointing in the wrong direction
Describe Class 2 Malocclusion
mandible occludes caudal to normal position relative to the maxilla
Ex: overbite
An underbite is an example of Class _____ Malocclusion
3
An overbite is an example of Class _____ Malocclusion
2
Describe Class 3 Malocclusion
mandible occludes mesial to its normal position relative to the maxilla
Ex: underbite
Describe Class 4 Malocclusion
Aymmetrical development of maxilla or mandible causing side-to-side deviation
(wry mouth)
What is the treatment protocol for patients with malocclusion?
- Extraction (most common)
- Crown shortening
- Orthodontics (impants)
Ex:
Passive implant: acrylic/resin/plastic
Active implant: elastic chains, metallic implants - Ball therapy
(cosmetics = not a reason to treat
Hyperodontia is usually seen with __________ teeth
Incisors or premolars
What are the effects of hyperodontia, and what is the treatment protocol?
- Crowding, deviation, malocclusion, accumulation of plaque, periodontal dz
- Tx: Rads are mandatory, extract most abnormal teeth
__________ is an abnormal bend or curve of the tooth root
Dilaceration
List causes of enamel hypoplasia
- Distemper/Parvo
- Vit A deficiency
- Vit D deficiency
- Hypocalcemia
- Trauma
- Genetic
What is the treatment protocol for patients with enamel hypoplasia?
Composite restoration, endodontics, or extraction if necessary
What scaler should be used in patients with enamel hypoplasia?
use hand scaler
(don’t use ultrasonic scaler)
What can be seen on dental rads from a patient with enamel hypoplasia?
Irregular aspect of crown surface, +/- radiolucency of crown
Why do patients with enamel hypoplasia have brown colored teeth?
Exposed dentin
Persistent deciduous teeth usually affect
A. Incisors
B. Canines
C. Pre molars
D. Molars
E. A and B
F. C and D
E: A and B
How do permanent mandibular canines normally erupt?
lingual or palatal (closest to tongue/soft palate)
to baby teeth
How do permanent incisors normally erupt?
lingual or palatal (closest to tongue/soft palate)
to baby teeth
applies for upper and lower incisors
(same as mandibular canines)
How do permanent maxillary canines normally erupt?
rostral to baby tooth (in front of)
What is the treatment protocol for patients with persistent deciduous teeth?
** - Should always be extracted ASAP
- Do not wait for OVH/neuter**
- Extract w care: long, narrow roots, easily fractured
Exception: deciduous and permanent canine teeth can be present together for up to 1 week
True or False: Radiographs are essential to differentiate between an embedded, impacted, or missing tooth
True
What is the clinical significance of unerupted teeth?
Causes tooth root resorption of adjacent teeth, pain, and dentigerous cyst
What is the treatment protocol for an unerupted tooth covered by gingiva?
Make an incision through the gingiva to allow eruption of tooth
often seen with first premolars
Differentiate between Attrition vs Abrasion
Attrition
- worn down teeth from tooth to tooth contact
- normal aging or due to malocclusions
Abrasion
- worn down teeth from contact with non-dental objects (Ex: fences, cage biters, rock chewers)
You are placing a dog under general anesthesia after suspect damage from cage biting. How should the patient be assessed, and what probe should be used?
- Check rads for fractures, abrasions, pulpitis
- Use explorer probe, sharp tip to check for pulpitis
When does dental attrition or abrasion require extraction/referral?
If pulp is involved
(If not can do crown reduction or implants like resin)
The normal enamel thickness of adult teeth in dogs is _____ mm
0.5 - 1mm
The normal enamel thickness of adult teeth in cats is _____ mm
0.2
What is the difference between enamel infraction vs enamel fracture?
- Enamel Infraction: Incomplete fracture (cracks) of the enamel without any loss of the tooth
- Enamel Fracture: piece of the crown chipped off, limited to only the enamel
- Tx is the same for both, good px
A fracture of the enamel and dentin, but not involving the pulp is called a ________ fracture
uncomplicated crown
What is the difference between an uncomplicated vs complicated crown fracture?
- Uncomplicated: only involves enamel and dentin
- Complicated: involves enamel, dentin, and exposed pulp. 100% non-vital
What is the most common site for uncomplicated crown and root fractures in dogs?
A. 109, 209
B. 108, 208
C. 308, 408
D. 309, 409
B. 108, 208
Maxillary PM4’s most commonly affected
What is the treatment protocol for a dog with an uncomplicated crown and root fracture?
- Requires extraction
- Involves furcation
- Gingiva will not reattach
What fracture is most commonly seen when incisors are affected?
Root fracture
(can be below gum line, need rads to ID)
What is the most common sequelae to untreated tooth fractures?
- Causes infection
- Can result in a periapical lesions (cyst, granuloma, abscess) and a draining sinus tract
- Osteomyelitis / systemic infection if chronic
Why are recheck rads recommended in cases of complicated tooth fractures?
- Pulpitis not evident immediately on rads
- Periapical necrosis takes 2-3 months, may not be evident for 6 months
What are examples of periapical lesions?
- Cysts
- Granulomas
- Abscesses
What are radiographic signs of a periapical lesion?
halo appearance/radiolucency below gum line surrounding apex of tooth
If periapical lesions are detected on dental rads, what is the required treatment?
- Requires extraction or root canal
- Definitive dx requires histo
Which tooth fractures always require extraction or root canal?
- Complicated fractures
- Root fractures (with or without pulp involved)
What is the treatment protocol for dogs with enamel infraction?
- If only enamel involved and no periapical lesions, Use bonding resin and monitor/recheck rads in 6-12 months
What is the treatment protocol for dogs with enamel fracture?
- If only enamel involved, no periapical lesions, and not close to pulp → Use bonding resin and monitor/recheck rads in 6-12 months
If a tooth suffered trauma without fracture, how can it appear and what is the treatment protocol?
- pink, bruised
- indicates dead tooth
- requires root canal or extraction
What is caries?
- Tooth decay / cavity from bacteria action on high carb diet
- Typically affects occlusal surfaces of molars esp 109 and 209
What is the most common site of caries in dogs?
Molars esp 109 and 209
What probe should be used to diagnose caries?
Explorer probe (sharp for hard surfaces)
What is the treatment protocol for caries?
- Extraction
- Restoration and plaque control may be efficient in early stages where only enamel is affected
What is the treatment protocol for tooth avulsion?
- emergency!!
- If < 2 hrs → can be stabilized with wires, splint, and root canal
- If > 2 hrs → requires extraction
What is the treatment protocol for tooth luxation?
Rapid referral or extraction of luxated tooth
What probe should be used to assess tooth resorption?
Explorer AND periodontal probes
Explorer for hard surfaces, periodontal to assess sulcus depth/below gumline
Describe Type 1 tooth resorption
- Tooth destruction but no evidence of replacement/ankylosis
- Rads: Radiolucent areas of tooth but normal periodontal ligament
Describe Type 2 tooth resorption
- Tooth destruction AND evidence of replacement/ankylosis
- Rads: Radiolucent areas of tooth, loss of periodontal ligament, ankylosis
Describe Type 3 tooth resorption
- Features of Type 1 and 2
- Tooth destruction and FOCAL area of replacement/ankylosis with areas of normal tooth and periodontal ligament
Ex: 1 abnormal root with ankylosis and 1 normal root
What is the treatment protocol for Type 1 tooth resorption?
Extraction
DON’T USE POWER TOOLS
What is the treatment protocol for Type 2 tooth resorption?
- Monitor + annual recheck rads if no evidence of inflammation, pulpitis, or lesions open to oral cavity
- If advanced, consider crown amputation
What is the treatment protocol for Type 3 tooth resorption?
Extract the part of the tooth that has no replacement/no ankylosis
+
Crown amputation for the part of the tooth showing ankylosis
