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SEM 5: SAM 1 > Canine and Feline Bronchial diseases > Flashcards

Canine and Feline Bronchial diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common bronchial disease?

A

Chronic bronchitis

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2
Q

True or False: Chronic bronchitis is usually due to an underlying infectious cause

A

False - chronic bronchitis with no identifiable underlying cause

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3
Q

What risk factors in dogs can predispose the animal to possibly developing chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Obesity
  • Periodontal disease
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4
Q

What is the signalment for chronic bronchitis in dogs? (sex, breed, etc)

A
  • Small breed
  • Overweight
  • Middle to older age
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5
Q

What is the most common presenting complaint and history in a dog with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • chronic (1+ month) cough
  • Cough described as “harsh, hacking, or deep”
  • Terminal retch (gagging/choking)
  • May produce mucus/white foam
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6
Q

What potential abnormal exam findings can be found in a dog with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Increased breath sounds, crackles or wheezes
  • Expiratory dyspnea (abdominal push)
  • Sinus arrhythmia is common
  • Right apical systolic murmur if PH is present
  • Obesity, periodontal disease, panting, cyanosis, tachypnea
  • ** OR pulmonary auscultation + RR/RE may be normal**
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7
Q

True or False: A normal pulmonary auscultation and RR generally rules out bronchial disease in cats

A

False - pulmonary auscultation + RR/RE may be normal

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8
Q

What clinical exam finding in dogs can help differentiate if a chronic cough is due to a cardiac cause or chronic bronchitis?

A

Absence of a murmur helps rule out cardiac cause

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9
Q

What arrhythmia is commonly found in dogs with chronic bronchitis?

A

Sinus arrhythmia

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10
Q

What can be seen on thoracic rads from a dog with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern, or rads may be normal
  • Bronchiectasis and/or bronchomalacia with severe CB
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11
Q

What diagnostics would you run in a dog with suspect chronic bronchitis?

A
  • MDB
  • HW Ag test
  • Fecal (centrifug + Baermann)
  • Thoracic and cervical rads

Advanced diagnostics:
- Bronchoscopy/fluoroscopy
- Bronchoalveolar lavage (non degen neuts)
- CT

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12
Q

What cell type predominates in a patients (dogs + cats) with chronic bronchitis?

A. Non-degenerate neutrophils
B. Degenerate neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Lymphocytes

A

A. Non-degenerate neutrophils

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13
Q

What cell type predominates in cat with asthma?

A. Non-degenerate neutrophils
B. Degenerate neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Lymphocytes

A

C. Eosinophils

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14
Q

What is the drug and treatment protocol for a dog with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Tapering dose of corticosteroids (Prednisolone)
  • Fluticasone inhaler
  • +/- cough suppressant
  • +/- bronchodilator
  • Reduce potential allergens
  • Weight loss
  • Reduce periodontal disease
  • Eliminate 2ndary resp infection if needed with Abx
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15
Q

List complications of chronic bronchitis in dogs

A
  • Bronchiectasis (permanent dilation)
  • Bronchomalacia (collapse)
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) / obstruction of small airways
  • Pulmonary hypertension
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16
Q

What is the prognosis for a dog with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Usually good if symptoms can be controlled
  • Earlier diagnosis leads to better prognosis
17
Q

What dog breeds are predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A
  • Siberian husky
  • Malamute
18
Q

What radiographic pattern is shown in dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A

Diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern

19
Q

What is false about dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A. Females > males
B. Usually young adult dogs
C. Can present with thick yellow-green discharge
D. All of the above are true

A

D. All of the above are true

20
Q

What is the drug protocol for a dog with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A
  • Tapering dose of corticosteroids (Prednisone)
  • Fluticasone inhaler
21
Q

Describe the findings you would expect to see on a BAL from a patient with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

A
  • Thickened, irregular mucosa with yellow green mucus and eosinophilic inflammation
22
Q

Explain what primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is

A
  • Defective ciliary motility resulting in mucus accumulation, inflammation, and recurrent bacterial infections
  • Upper and lower airways affected
23
Q

What important history is given in a patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)?

A

Recurrent bilateral nasal discharge and repeated episodes of bronchitis or bronchopneumonia since birth

24
Q

What is the treatment protocol for a dog with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Hydration
  • Coupage
  • Close monitoring for infections
25
Q

Define asthma

A

Inflammation, mucus, wall thickening, PLUS bronchospasm (constriction)

PLUS bronchospasm (constriction) is what makes asthma different from chronic bronchitis

26
Q

True or False: Definitive diagnosis of asthma or chronic bronchitis in cats is important, as the treatment differs between the two causes

A

False

  • Asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats are treated similarly
27
Q

___________ are the primary effector cells in allergic asthma

A

Eosinophils

(eosinophils release proteins that cause smooth muscle to be hyper-reactive)

28
Q

What cat breed has increased risk or developing chronic bronchitis or asthma?

A

Siamese cats

29
Q

Describe the frequency of the cough in cats with chronic bronchitis vs cats with asthma

A

- Cats with CB cough every day
- Asthmatic cats cough intermittently/ in episodes
- Wheezing can be common in both

30
Q

What abnormal respiratory sound is most commonly heard in cats with both chronic bronchitis and asthma?

A

Wheezing (LRT sound, mostly heard on expiration)

  • Possible to hear crackles or auscultation might be normal
31
Q

Describe the following in a cat with chronic bronchitis or asthma

HR-
RR-
Temp-

A

HR- usually normal
RR- Normal or expiratory dyspnea (with or without tachypnea)
Temp- normal or increased

32
Q

What cell type predominates in a patients with asthma?

A. Non-degenerate neutrophils
B. Degenerate neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Lymphocytes

A

C. Eosinophils

33
Q

What can be seen on thoracic rads from a cat with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Diffuse bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern
  • Right middle lung lobe atelectasis (due to mucus plug)
  • Or rads can be normal
34
Q

What can be seen on thoracic rads from a cat with asthma?

A
  • Diffuse bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern
  • Hyperinflation (air trapping) = increased size of lung fields, flattening of diaphragm
  • Right middle lung lobe atelectasis (due to mucus plug)
  • Or rads can be normal

(All the same as what you’d see with chronic bronchitis except for the hyperinflation)

35
Q

What diagnostic is best for detecting disease and determining severity of chronic bronchitis or asthma in cats?

A

CT !! Rads can’t determine severity or differentiate between the 2

36
Q

What diagnostics should be ran in a cat presenting with a chronic cough?

A
  • HWT and fecal (R/O HARD vs bronchitis/asthma)
  • Bronchoscopy and BAL (eosinophils predominate in asthma, neuts predominate in bronchitis)
37
Q

What is the treatment protocol for a cat with either chronic bronchitis or asthma?

A

Acute (emergency) Tx:
- Rapid corticosteroid (Dexamethasone)
- Bronchodilator (terbutaline)
- Supplemental O2

Chronic Tx:
- Tapering dose of corticosteroids PO (prednisolone)
- Can transition to Fluticasone inhaler once stabilized
- Bronchodilator reserved for flare ups (terbutaline, albuterol)

Weight loss!!!!
Remove allergens!

38
Q

How can chronic bronchitis/asthma be differentiated from a dyspneic cat in CHF?

A

Asthma/Bronchitis
- Usually young adult-middle age
- Normothermic or hyperthermic
- Breeds: Siamese
- History of a cough

CHF
- Usually old
- Mildly hypothermic
- Arrhythmia, murmur, or gallop will be present
- Breeds: DSH, Maine coon, ragdoll
- Cough is rare in cats with CHF

SEM 5: SAM 1 (35 decks)

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