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SEM 5: SAM 1 > Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs Flashcards

1
Q

List the diseases that are a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus in dogs

A
  1. HyperAdrenocoricism
  2. Hypertriglyceridemia
  3. Hypothyroidism
  4. Dental disease
  5. Systemic infection
  6. Pancreatitis

(Obesity and pregnancy too)

This would cause Type II diabetes (less common in dogs) bc Type I is due to a immune mediated attack/complete lack of insulin from a young age)

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2
Q

Clinical signs of diabetes mellitus in dogs occur once the BG exceeds the renal threshold of _________ mg/dL and glucosuria develops

A

BG > 200

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3
Q

List the clinical signs that can be seen in dogs with diabetes mellitus

A
  1. PU/PD
  2. Polyphagia
  3. Weight loss
  4. Cataracts
  5. Poor coat
  6. ABD pain (if pancreatitis)
  7. Increased fat metabolism (hepatic lipidosis, hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolemia)
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4
Q

A male neutered dog comes in with a BG of 250. You check the diet, medication history, and now you want to rule out concurrent endocrinopathies. What tests should you perform?

A
  • MDB
  • BP!! DM dogs @ risk for hypertension
  • Electrolytes
  • Triglycerides
  • cPLI
  • tT4
  • Fructosamine
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5
Q

What can be evaluated on urinalysis in a dog with suspect DM?

A
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • Bacteria, WBCs (DM patients get UTIs!)
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6
Q

A patient has a glucose of 350. How can you confirst persistent elevated glucose levels?

A

Fructosamine (tells the AVG BG from last 2 weeks)

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7
Q

What are the main Ddx for PU/PD in dogs

A
  1. DM
  2. HyperAdrenocoticism
  3. HypoT
  4. CKD
  5. Hypercalcemia
  6. Liver failure (due to no urea)
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8
Q

What eye changes can occur in dogs with DM?

A
  • Cataracts (due to sugars in eye)
  • Retinal hypertension
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9
Q

Which of the following is not a finding typically seen with diabetes mellitus?
A. Hypercholesterolemia
B. ↑ ALP
C. ↑ BP
D. Lymphocytosis

A

D. Lymphocytosis

Lymphopenia!! Stress leukogram!

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9
Q

What concurrent diseases can complicate stabilization of diabetes mellitus in dogs?

A
  1. HyperAdrenocorticism
  2. Renal dz
  3. Dental disease
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10
Q

What are the goals of managing a DM dog?

A
  1. Lower BG below renal threshold (<200)
  2. Treat UTI if needed
  3. Stop progression of concurrent diseases (Ex: pancreatitis, hypertension)
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11
Q

What is the 1st line insulin of choice in dogs?

A

U-40 pork lente

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12
Q

What is the starting dose of insulin in dogs?

A

0.25 IU/kg BID

Ex: 5 kg dog has a starting dose of 1.25IU BID

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13
Q

Which of the following are long acting insulins? Select all that apply.

A. U-40 pork lente
B. Glargine
C. Detemir
D. PZI
E. NPH

A

B. Glargine
C. Detemir

  • long acting “peakless insulin”
  • cumulative effect, given SID
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14
Q

True or False: Glipizide is an oral hypoglycemic that can be used in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus

A

FALSE - can be used in cats not dogs

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15
Q

An overweight diabetic dog should aim for a _____% decrease in BW per week

A

1-2%

16
Q

What is the diet of choice to treat an overweight dog with DM?

A

High fiber diet - improves glycemic control by reducing postprandial hyperglycemia

17
Q

When should you consider switching the type of insulin?

A
  • If uncontrolled despite adjusting dose
  • If the duration of insulin is inappropriate (lasting < 10 hrs or > 12 hrs)
18
Q

CS of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Seizures
  • Altered mentation
  • Tremors
  • Ataxia
  • Impaired vision

(neuro stuff)

19
Q

What concurrent condition can cause uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in mini schnauzers?

A

Hypertriglyceridaemia

20
Q

What is somogyi?

A

Low BG (hypopglycemia) → triggers release of stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon) → rebound hyperglycemia

21
Q

How long can somogyi last in dogs vs cats?

A

Dogs: 24 hrs
Cats: up to 72 hrs

22
Q

If somogyi is present when performing a BG curve in a dog, how should the insulin therapy be tailored?

A

Decrease dose by 50%

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Seizures
  • Muscle twitching
  • Collapse
  • Ataxia
  • Altered mentation
  • Impaired vision
23
Q

An owner calls that their diabetic dog is showing signs of hypoglycemia. How can you direct the owner to treat at home before coming to the clinic?

A
  • Give honey, corn syrup, or glucose syrup in the mouth
24
Q

A diabetic dog comes in with signs of hypoglycemia after starting insulin last week. What is the treatment for hypoglycemia in the hospital?

A
  • IV fluids: Dextrose diluted with saline
25
Q

What concurrent disease in schnauzers is a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus?

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

26
Q

Which of the following insulin type can be given IV?

A. U-40 pork lente
B. Glargine
C. Detemir
D. PZI
E. NPH

A

E. NPH

27
Q

What concurrent medications can cause uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in patients on insulin therapy?

A
  • Steroids
  • Megestrol acetate
  • Cyclosporine
28
Q

How often are samples taken during a BG curve and how long does the curve last?

A

BG taken every 2 hrs over 8-12 hrs

29
Q

When taking a BG curve on a dog, what BG levels are acceptable to send the dog home?

A

If BG remains > 150 … Then repeat BG in 1 week

30
Q

When doing a BG curve on a dog, what can be evaluated to determine if the insulin dose needs to be decreased?

A

If BG < 150, decrease dose of insulin by 10-25% and continue to monitor in hospital on decreased dose

31
Q

When should the dose of insulin be decreased by 50%?

A
  • If somogyi
  • If showing CS of hypoglycemia
32
Q

What is considered a normal blood glucose in dogs and cats?

A

80-120

(in diabetics should aim for 200, ideally 150)

SEM 5: SAM 1 (35 decks)

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