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Small animal general practice > Small animal dentistry > Flashcards

Small animal dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Canine dental formula

A

3142
3143

(Ones with no baby tooth: 1st premolar, all molars)

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2
Q

Cat dental formula

A

3131
3121

Ones with no baby tooth: upper 1st premolar, lower 1st and 2nd premolar, + all molars)

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3
Q

Where does inferior alveolar canal run (including trigeminal)

A

Mandible

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4
Q

Where does intra-orbital NVB run

A

Maxillal close to upper carnassial

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5
Q

In notation which tooth is always 04

A

Canine

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6
Q

In notation which tooth is always 9

A

1st molar

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7
Q

Tooth eruption times in dogs

A

Primary dentition around 3-5 weeks

Then from 3.5-6 months get replcament with adult teeth; incisors/premolars first then canines (~5mo) then molars

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8
Q

When do canine erupt in dogs

A

5 months age

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9
Q

Cat tooth eruption times

A

Primar dentition: around 2-3 weeks
Adult dentition from 3-6 months; starts with incisrs then get molars/premolars/canines at same time (premolars take longest)

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10
Q

What substance makes enamel and dentine

A

Hydroxyapatite (crystalline vs mineralised)
- In dentine it is mineralised and interlinked with organic compponents

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11
Q

What is the periodontal ligament

A

Soft tissue b/w alveolus bony socet and teeth root
Has innervation for sensation of pressure on tooth + pain from damage/infection

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12
Q

Normal gingival sulcus depth in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: 1-2mm (up to 3 in large teeth in large dogs)
Cats: 0.5mm

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13
Q

3 characteristics of healthy gingiva

A

No redness
No oedema
No bleeding (on probing)

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14
Q

Which areas can sense pain in tooth

A

pulp
periodontal ligament

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15
Q

Gemination meaning (shape abnormalityy)

A

Teeth try and duplicate
- Can get 2 independent teeth = twinning
Or two still connected teed = Siamese

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16
Q

WHat is enamel hypoplasia

A

Normal quality enamel but reduced in thickeness in some areas

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17
Q

What is hypo-calcification of teeth

A

Normal thickness enamel but improper calcification so weak and porous; can stain and may break

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18
Q

What are calcification impurities

A

Chemicals that chelate calcium can become incorporated into tooth if systemic during calcification

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19
Q

Dolichocephalic meaning

A

long skull compared to width e/g whippet

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20
Q

What does anisognathic mean

A

Mandible is narrower than maxilla to fits within upper jaw arch

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21
Q

What is the canine teeth interlock

A

Lower canine should fit into diasterma b/w upper canine tooth and lateral incisor

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22
Q

What is a scissor bite incisor relationship

A

INcisal edges of lower incisors touch back surface of upper incisors

So upper incisors are rostral to all lower ones

23
Q

What is a dento-alveolar defect

A

Localised abnormality of position of a tooth; out of alignment but within normal size/shape jaw

24
Q

Brachygnathic meaning

A

Mandible short relative to maxilla i.e overbite

25
Q

Prognathic meaning

A

Mandible long relative to maxilla i.e underbite

26
Q

What is an incisor cross bite

A

When middle two incisors of maxilla are behind the middle two on mandible
- Can happen in 6 month old puppies which slip out of scissor bite because mandible is one of the last bones so stop growing

27
Q

Risk with crown reduction and pulp capping as a way to fix malocclusion

A

Chornic pulipitis

28
Q

What is a snaggle tooth

A

When the upper canine erupts pointing to far forward (45 degrees) so less space for lower canine to rest in
– Lower canine tips OUTWARD towards lip keeping mouth open
e.g Shetland sheep dogs

Seen in Persions but doesnt cause soft tissue trauma etc

29
Q

What breed commonly gets persistent deciduous canines

A

Yorkshire terriers

30
Q

How does bisecting angle x ray technique work

A

Direct X ray beam 90degrees to the BISECTING ANGLE halfway between the angle of tooth and the film

Upper incisors: sternal recumbency
Upper canines/cheek teeth: lateral recumbency
Lower incisors and canines: dorsal recumbency
[NB: lower molars done via parallel placement technique]

31
Q

What is needed to form plaque

A

salivary glycoproteins, commensal flora

Together form polysaccharide matrix

32
Q

How long does it take for mature plaque to form

A

2 days

33
Q

What in gingivitis

A

Inflammation of gingival margin due to irritation from plaque anaerobic bacterial products in contact
= reversible and non-painful

34
Q

What happens in periodontal disease

A

Following long standing gingival inflammation, body response to plaque changes
Start getting destruction of structures including collagen fibres holding gum in place and bone forming socket with tooth
= irreversible changes

35
Q

Why do we get pocket formation in periodontal disease

A

Because there is breakdown of fibres holding gum on
So gum margin stays where it is but the attachment moves down

36
Q

What is the biggest pre-determining factor than changes body response to plaque

A

Genetics
i.e breed
– Pure breeds more predisposed, esp oriental and siamese cats

37
Q

Risk factors for periodontal disease

A

Pure breed
Immune compromise
Overall helth
Body size; SMALL animals at higher risk

38
Q

Plaque retention factors

A

= anything that faciltates plaque being held onto tooth
- Calculus, enamel defects, exposed dentine from subgingival fracures, root surface exposure during gum recession as covered in cementum

39
Q

Plaque stagnation factors

A

= anything that holds plaque in hard to reach place
- Periodontal pocket = main one
Also tooth crowding, reduced self cleansing by teeth e.g in malocclusion, abnormal gingival margin position (recession exposes roots/furcation space while hyperplasia creates false pockets)

40
Q

What is the main factor in periodontal disease that determines prognosis

A

Clinical pocket depth
(NB: remove gingival overgrowth before measuring this)

41
Q

Indicators for tooth extraction

A

Mobility grade 3 or more (i.e movement >1mm in any direction)
Pocket depth - >5mm (or 7 for canines)
Furcation exposure from gum recession F3
Can do selective extractions with tooth crowding

42
Q

What is specific to greyhound mouths

A

Receding gums are common but doesnt necessarily indicate extraction

43
Q

What is traditionally used to ‘stage’ periodontal disease

A

% of attachment loss
- But can only get this from X rays and probing
AND doesn’t actually correlate with outcome/best care

44
Q

How does a polyphosphate coating on food work

A

Chelates calcium and keeps it soluble so it doesn’t form tartar

45
Q

How do we label the quadrants of the mouth

A

Start top right = 1; then go round in a circle
(if imagine dog facing you = clockwise)

Deciduous teeth noted as 5-8

46
Q

WHat do different notations on a dental chart mean

A

o = tooth missing
X = tooth extracted
M = tooth mobility grade
H = hyperplastic margin/R = receeded
Gingivitis index goes in box
Periodontal pocket depth goes on plan view

47
Q

What numbers go in the box on a dental chart

A

gingival index number (from 0-3 based on redness, oedema and bleeding)

48
Q

What is calculus

A

Mineralised plaque; because of calcium in saliva

49
Q

What diseases are associated with periodontal disease

A

Cardiovascular disease
Pre-term birth and low birthweight
Diabetes (two way link)
Endothelial/renal disaese
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disaese

50
Q

At what clinical pocket depth should we remove a tooth

A

> 5mm (or 7 for large canines)
- 2mm for cats; on 3mm on canine

51
Q

Rule of thumb with scaling below gumline

A

Only up to 2mm below gumline and only for 2 secs; for ultrasonic

Larger pockets need handheld scaler

52
Q

What speed do we want polishing done at

A

3000rpm; low hum

53
Q

How can we turn a dog during a dental

A

Legs under body to avoid debris falling down throat; want head to tip forward

54
Q

What is root planing

A

removing cementum from the root in a periodontal pocket; this will be necrotic and infected + is plaque retentive

Small animal general practice (7 decks)

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