Small animal breeding DONE

Question 1

What method of pharmacological reproductive control would you use if a dog is in proestrus

Answer 1

Short acting oral formaultion progestagens

Question 2

When is the best time to start using progestogens to control cyclicity

Answer 2

Anoestrus

Question 3

Effect on endometrium of long vs short acting progestagens

Answer 3

Risk of pyometra
More influence from long acting formulations

Question 4

How long must we wait if giving long acting progestagens in pro-oestrus

Answer 4

Until all signs of proestrus disappear and interest from males disappear

Question 5

What is parturition block and what causes this risk

Answer 5

When birth can’t happen as normal due to effect of long acting progestagens which lasts longer than normal pregnancy

Question 6

Why is it recommended that diabetic dogs are spayed

Answer 6

Luteal phases makes diabetes hard to stabilise

Question 7

Why can progestogens as birth control be contraindicated in diabetes

Answer 7

Broken down into smaller compounds which stimulate growth hormone and can exacerbate diabetes in dogs

Question 8

How can we pharmacologically control breeding in males

Answer 8

Use GnRH depot formulations i.e Suprelorin subcut implant

Lasts 6-12 months

Question 9

How does suprelorin implant stop male fertility and libido

Answer 9

Via desensitisation of pituitary gland which decreases gonadotrophin release (LH, FSH)
–> So get decreases testosterone release

Question 10

When would we choose ovariohysterectomy over ovariectomy

Answer 10

Older bitches/queens
If concerns over uterine condition
–> For risk of uterine tumours

If risk of pregnancy

Question 11

Why would we avoid spaying bitches in (late) luteal phase

Answer 11

Because a drop from high to low progesterone at this stage will trigger lactation which can complicate wound management

Question 12

Features of a closed castration

Answer 12

Testicular tunics not opened
Testicles taken along with seminal cord, artery and vein

Question 13

Features of open castration

Answer 13

Open testicular tunics
Separate seminal cord and vessels and ligate separately

Preferred in dogs esp large breeds for better security via ligatures

Question 14

Why is it hard to create a vaccine against GnRH

Answer 14

Because it is a very small molecule so hard to get a strong immune response
–> Will need adjuvants but these give side effects

Question 15

In which individuals can we use the zona pellucida vaccine

Answer 15

Wild horses

Question 16

How does zona pellucida vaccine work

Answer 16

Via creating an immuno-inflammation response that prevents pregnancy

Question 17

How can we prevent implantation in dogs if risk of pregnancy

Answer 17

Oestrogens BUT risk of exposure to body and uterus to these

Question 18

What is the only licensed way to terminate a pregnancy in dogs

Answer 18

Using alizin = anti-progesterone

Question 19

Why is it safe to spay cats mid pregnancy and not dogs mid-luteal/pregnancy

Answer 19

Don’t get issue of stimulating lactation due to drop of progesterone levels

Question 20

Pregnancy length in dogs from ovulation

Answer 20

61 to 63 days

Question 21

Pregnancy length in dogs from first breeding

Answer 21

58-72 days

Question 22

Pregnancy length in cats from first vs last mating

Answer 22

First: 52-74 days
Last: 65-66 days

Question 23

After what length of pregnancy without parturition should we investigate

Answer 23

> 65 days

Question 24

Alarm signs for dystocia in dog

Answer 24

Straining continuously for 1 hour before delivering any pups
Resting more than 3 hours b/w puppies
Green or black vaginal discharge before first pup
Stillborn pups
Illness/distress in dam

Question 25

What is primary uterine inertia

Answer 25

Failure to delivery neonates because UTERUS not contracting
NOT obstruction

Question 26

What is secondary uterine intertia

Answer 26

Failure to delivery pups AFTER period of uterine contraction
> Either due to obstruction
OR due to exhaustion

Question 27

If a bitch shows vaginal bands and septae what does that suggest about conception

Answer 27

Done via AI

Question 28

True vs relative fetal oversize

Answer 28

True = pup larger than usual for the breed e.g in single pup syndrome

Relative = due to specific breed anatomy e.g large heads

Question 29

Which fetal malposition is the hardest to correct; most likely to go for C section

Answer 29

Transverse presentation

Question 30

How to manage primary uterine inertia if relatively small litter and there early

Answer 30

Use oxytocin to stimulate contractions
+ may give calcium gluconate first to ensure energy for contractions

Question 31

When do we not use oxytocin in dystocia cases

Answer 31

Where there is obstruction

Question 32

Why don’t we repeat oxytocin doses

Answer 32

Risk of uterine spasm and tetanic contraction which can further compromise pups

Question 33

Do we use calcium gluconate during dystocia management more in dogs or cats

Answer 33

Dogs
BECAUSE reports of very strong contractions generated in cats

Question 34

Managing placenta retention

Answer 34

NB: much less common compared with livestock
If <24 hours can use oxytocin
If >48 hours pp can lead to endometritis and may need surgery

Question 35

What is sub=involution of placental sites

Answer 35

Specific to dogs
= where the area of uterus to which the zonary placenta attached fails to involute
–> If mild can resolve; may use oxytocin
–> If severe will need ovariohysterectomy

Question 36

What is the pathogenesis of eclampsia/puerperal tetany

Answer 36

Depletion of calcium in the extracellular compartment

Question 37

How do we treat eclampsia/puerperal tetany

Answer 37

Slow IV infusion of calcium gluconate 10% solution until seizures subside (monitor heart throughout)
–> Then move to subcut
–> Then to oral

Only return pups to suckling gradually

Question 38

What can predispose to eclampsia

Answer 38

Large litter size, excessive calcium supplementation during pregnancy as this disrupts the calcium homeostasis