Small animal breeding DONE Flashcards
What method of pharmacological reproductive control would you use if a dog is in proestrus
Short acting oral formaultion progestagens
When is the best time to start using progestogens to control cyclicity
Anoestrus
Effect on endometrium of long vs short acting progestagens
Risk of pyometra
More influence from long acting formulations
How long must we wait if giving long acting progestagens in pro-oestrus
Until all signs of proestrus disappear and interest from males disappear
What is parturition block and what causes this risk
When birth can’t happen as normal due to effect of long acting progestagens which lasts longer than normal pregnancy
Why is it recommended that diabetic dogs are spayed
Luteal phases makes diabetes hard to stabilise
Why can progestogens as birth control be contraindicated in diabetes
Broken down into smaller compounds which stimulate growth hormone and can exacerbate diabetes in dogs
How can we pharmacologically control breeding in males
Use GnRH depot formulations i.e Suprelorin subcut implant
Lasts 6-12 months
How does suprelorin implant stop male fertility and libido
Via desensitisation of pituitary gland which decreases gonadotrophin release (LH, FSH)
–> So get decreases testosterone release
When would we choose ovariohysterectomy over ovariectomy
Older bitches/queens
If concerns over uterine condition
–> For risk of uterine tumours
If risk of pregnancy
Why would we avoid spaying bitches in (late) luteal phase
Because a drop from high to low progesterone at this stage will trigger lactation which can complicate wound management
Features of a closed castration
Testicular tunics not opened
Testicles taken along with seminal cord, artery and vein
Features of open castration
Open testicular tunics
Separate seminal cord and vessels and ligate separately
Preferred in dogs esp large breeds for better security via ligatures
Why is it hard to create a vaccine against GnRH
Because it is a very small molecule so hard to get a strong immune response
–> Will need adjuvants but these give side effects
In which individuals can we use the zona pellucida vaccine
Wild horses
How does zona pellucida vaccine work
Via creating an immuno-inflammation response that prevents pregnancy
How can we prevent implantation in dogs if risk of pregnancy
Oestrogens BUT risk of exposure to body and uterus to these
What is the only licensed way to terminate a pregnancy in dogs
Using alizin = anti-progesterone
Why is it safe to spay cats mid pregnancy and not dogs mid-luteal/pregnancy
Don’t get issue of stimulating lactation due to drop of progesterone levels
Pregnancy length in dogs from ovulation
61 to 63 days
Pregnancy length in dogs from first breeding
58-72 days
Pregnancy length in cats from first vs last mating
First: 52-74 days
Last: 65-66 days
After what length of pregnancy without parturition should we investigate
> 65 days
Alarm signs for dystocia in dog
Straining continuously for 1 hour before delivering any pups
Resting more than 3 hours b/w puppies
Green or black vaginal discharge before first pup
Stillborn pups
Illness/distress in dam
What is primary uterine inertia
Failure to delivery neonates because UTERUS not contracting
NOT obstruction
What is secondary uterine intertia
Failure to delivery pups AFTER period of uterine contraction
> Either due to obstruction
OR due to exhaustion
If a bitch shows vaginal bands and septae what does that suggest about conception
Done via AI
True vs relative fetal oversize
True = pup larger than usual for the breed e.g in single pup syndrome
Relative = due to specific breed anatomy e.g large heads
Which fetal malposition is the hardest to correct; most likely to go for C section
Transverse presentation
How to manage primary uterine inertia if relatively small litter and there early
Use oxytocin to stimulate contractions
+ may give calcium gluconate first to ensure energy for contractions
When do we not use oxytocin in dystocia cases
Where there is obstruction
Why don’t we repeat oxytocin doses
Risk of uterine spasm and tetanic contraction which can further compromise pups
Do we use calcium gluconate during dystocia management more in dogs or cats
Dogs
BECAUSE reports of very strong contractions generated in cats
Managing placenta retention
NB: much less common compared with livestock
If <24 hours can use oxytocin
If >48 hours pp can lead to endometritis and may need surgery
What is sub=involution of placental sites
Specific to dogs
= where the area of uterus to which the zonary placenta attached fails to involute
–> If mild can resolve; may use oxytocin
–> If severe will need ovariohysterectomy
What is the pathogenesis of eclampsia/puerperal tetany
Depletion of calcium in the extracellular compartment
How do we treat eclampsia/puerperal tetany
Slow IV infusion of calcium gluconate 10% solution until seizures subside (monitor heart throughout)
–> Then move to subcut
–> Then to oral
Only return pups to suckling gradually
What can predispose to eclampsia
Large litter size, excessive calcium supplementation during pregnancy as this disrupts the calcium homeostasis
