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Small animal general practice > Small animal breeding > Flashcards

Small animal breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we deposit semen in dog AI

A

In the fornix

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2
Q

What route do we take into the vagina into the dog

A

In a small bit then directly up then continue forwards
NB: be aware of the clitoral fossa; can get pipette stuck there and mistakenly inseminate there

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3
Q

Bitch repro tract basics

A

2 ovaries; 2 uterine horns; 1 uterine body; cervix, vagina, vestibule

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4
Q

Why is it normal to see cavitation on some CLs

A

Because multiple follicles ovulating over course of a few hours; will see CLs at various stages of the luteal phase
- Have fluid in them early one

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5
Q

Two important features in dog sexual anatomy

A

Os penis = bone in penis; keeps rigid even when not erect; must be careful not to damage

Bulbus glandis = vascularised structure that wraps around base of penis; creates ‘copulatory lock’ to stop semen getting out

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6
Q

What can we use to tell if a cat has been castrated/ still has active androgen production

A

Look for spikes on penis; need activate maintenance do disappear within weeks without

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7
Q

What is different about male cat anatomy vs dog

A

Penis faces backwards
Spikes on penis for stimulation to induce ovulation

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8
Q

What age do female dogs reach puberty

A

Small dogs: 6-8 months
Large dogs: 12 months
Giant breeds (+ greyhounds, wolf hounds): 18-20 months

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9
Q

When do spermatozoa first appear in dog ejaculate

A

7-9 months

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10
Q

What age do male dogs reach puberty

A

Small: 6 months
Large: 12 months

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11
Q

Process of testes descending in male dogs

A

Born with them intra-abdominally
Move through inguinal canal by 3-4 days after birth
Descend by 2 weeks after birth
Final position in scrotum at 35 days

BUT can take longer

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12
Q

Puberty in queens

A

VERY weight dependent
See at 6-9 months

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13
Q

How is puberty onset in cats altered by being long day breeders

A

By photoperiod; may reach right AGE for puberty in winter BUT won’t achieve it until SPRING

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14
Q

Specific breed exceptions to normal puberty times in cats

A

Oriental breeds: reach puberty very early
Long haired and manx breeds reach it later (11-21 months)

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15
Q

Which breed of dog has retained seasonality in breeding

A

Bassen G

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16
Q

What is the oestrus cycle in the bitch like

A

Non-seasonally mono-oestrus
> Inter-oestrus interval variable; around 6-7 months

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17
Q

Exceptions in inter-oestrus interval in dog breeds

A

German shepherds and rottweilers: inter-oestrus interval just 4-5 months

Tibetin mastiff: cycles once per year

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18
Q

Reproductive cycle in the bitch; brief summary

A

Anoestrus: get small peaks of FSH but not enough to stimulate growth
- THEN: start to get LH in circulation which allows follicles to mature

Enter proestrus: follicles are producing oestrogens; get blood discharge from vagina and vulva enlargement (NOT RECEPTIVE)
- Then discharge gets paler and vulva less oedematous

Estrus: standing heat; will put tail to side to expose genitalia

After ovulation: enter luteal phase (dioestrus) = sexual quiescence

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19
Q

Which breeds have lots of vulval swelling; and what is normal

A

Normal is 2-3 x dioestrus size

Boxers show lots of swelling

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20
Q

What is significant about progesterone production in the bitch

A

Granulosa cells lining follicle start to produce progesterone before ovulation; so can use this to predict the timing of ovulation

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21
Q

WHy does fertilisation in the bitch not happen until 48-72 hours after ovulation

A

Because the oocyte that ovulates is IMMATURE; still in meiosis 2 i.e a primary oocyte

Takes time to complete this to be competent for fertilisation

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22
Q

How long is the luteal phase is a non-pregnant bitch

A

Almost identical to in a pregnant bitch i.e 45-70 days (~2 months)

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23
Q

How long is the follicular phase in dogs

A

18 days;
Proestrus ~ 9 days
Oestrus ~ 9 days

24
Q

When does a bitch ovulate in relation to oestrus

A

On day 2 of oestrus; i.e 11 days after start of proestrus (blood)

25
Q

What is a practical approach to when to breed a bitch in relation to start of proestrus (first blood)

A

Day 9, 11 and 13

26
Q

What vaginal exfoliate cytology do we see in proestrus

A

RBCs
Non-cornified epithelial cells; large with lots of cytoplasm and visible nucleus

27
Q

What vaginal exfoliate cytology do we see in oestrus

A

Epithelial cells starting to die and be shed = cornified epithelial cells which look like fish scales

> Bitch in ‘oestrus’ when 50% of cells are cornified

28
Q

What is the indicator cell for metostrus on vaginal cytology

A

neutrophils
= too late for breeding

29
Q

How does vaginal mucosa look (via vaginoscopy) through different phases of the cycle

A

Early proestrus: pale pink, no oedema
Late protestus: very pale; LOTS OF SWELLING
Oestrus: very pale and wrinkled, no swelling = like funnel with completely flat mucosa and can see to cervix
Dioestrus: vortex; pink, no swelling

30
Q

Using hormonal tests to work out when ovulation is

A

Measure progesterone levels daily from 1 week after blood discharge starts

Take ovulation to be when there is a sudden rise of 3-5ng/ml in P

Or measure LH; from 5 days after bleeding; until you measure the surge

31
Q

When should we breed bitch in relation to ovulation timing

A

2 days after ovulation

32
Q

What kind of oestrus cycle does the domestic queen have

A

Seasonally poly-oestrus
Starts cycling around jan/feb
(may not be seasonal if indoors the whole time)

33
Q

What is different about ovulation in domestric queen c/f bitch

A

INDUCED OVULATOR; ovulates after mating

And usually needs >1 mating to stimulate ovulation

34
Q

What is meant by term ‘pseudopregnancy’ in the domestic queen

A

When queens that ovulate don’t conceive enter shorter luteal phase than if pregnancy

Luteal phase is ~40 days in non-pregnant

35
Q

Gestation period in a dog

A

57-72 days post breeding
- Variation because we don’t know at what point ovulation and fertilisation occurred

Counting from LH surge; 65 days

36
Q

Gestation period in a cat

A

57-72 days
- Variation due to multiple matings being involved in inducing ovulation

37
Q

How does multiple affect LH surge

A

MUCH greater c/f single mating

Only 50% would ovulate from single mating

38
Q

What are some influences on the duration of pregnancy in dogs

A

Number of fetuses; fewer means longer duration
Body weight; heavier bitches pregnancy for longer

39
Q

What is single pup syndrome

A

Getting an oversized single pup because gestation longer with just a single pup

40
Q

What type of placenta do dogs and cats have

A

Endotheliochorial
Zonary placenta

41
Q

What proportion of antibody transfer happens in utero vs from colostrum

A

Just 5% in utero
Rest from colostrum

42
Q

Why can’t we use progesterone levels to detect pregnancy in cats and dogs

A

BEcause very similar whether pregnant on not
- In cats; we only get a significant difference later on in pregnancy at which point you can palpate the fetuses

43
Q

When are we able to palpate a pregnancy in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: 4 weeks post mating
Cats: 3 weeks post mating

44
Q

When can we detect pregnancy via X ray

A

After skeletal mineralisation
In dogs: 45 days
In cats: 40 days

45
Q

When can we use ultrasound to detect a pregnancy

A

From ~18-20 days in dogs
~16 days in cats

46
Q

What is a test we can use for pregnancy in dogs but not cats

A

Relaxin test from day 20

47
Q

What is the max interval between pups being born

A

1 hour

48
Q

What colour are placentas in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: green/black
Cats: brown

49
Q

Stages of labour and timings in the bitch

A

Stage 1 = cervical dilatation + uterine contractions; 4-36 hours

Stage 2 = expulsion of foetuses; pups normally born every 30-60 mins

Stage 3 = expulsion of placentas; may be after each pup or at end

50
Q

Stages of labour and timings in the queen

A

Stage 1 takes 24 hours
Stage 2; HUGE VARIATION IN TIME
> Kittens born every 5-60 mins
Stage 3: brown placentas

Labour can take 36 hours

51
Q

When do we worry during parturition

A

If no labour by 68-70 days post-mating

If strong abdominal straining but don’t get first pup/kitten within 30-40 mins

If more than 2 hours between first and second pup/kitten

Green discharge and no pup within 30 mins of this; placental separation so stress

Lots of bloody discharge 1

52
Q

What drug can we give to neonates to stimulate and breathing and what must we be aware of

A

1-2 drops doxapram
BUT be careful of overdose as risk of hyperventilation and cerebral hypoxia

53
Q

What level of daily weight gain do we want in newborns

A

10% MINIMUM

54
Q

Eyelid and ear canals opening

A

Takes 2 weeks in dogs
9 days in cats

55
Q

How long does uterine involution take in bitches

A

4-5 weeks

56
Q

Uterine involution in the queen

A

INfluenced by lactation
Can be cycling again by 4 weeks post-partum if not lactating

57
Q

Post birth discharge in bitches vs queens

A

Bitches: green/red –> brown
Queens: not much

Small animal general practice (7 decks)

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