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Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

Name a canine morbillivirus.

A

Canine distemper virus (Measles + rinderpest)

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2
Q

This canine virus infects many species (including wildlife) and causes multi system disease in the host?

A

Distemper

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3
Q

Name two canine viral infections that are transmitted via oronasal infection.

A

Distemper Infectious hepatitis

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4
Q

What is meant by pathognomonic?

A

A characteristic which is specific to one disease

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5
Q

Outline the clinical signs of distemper.

A

Anorexia, depression, pyrexia, ocular/nasal discharge, coughRed conjunctiva, v&dHyperkeratosisSeizures

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6
Q

Hyperkeratosis, a characteristic sign of distemper virus, is also known as what?

A

Hard pad disease

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7
Q

Infection of the CNS by distemper virus in the dog characterised by what? How long after infection do these signs show?

A

Seizures and muscle twitches 1-3weeks after infection

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8
Q

Which two characteristics of viral infection can be picked up using PCR?

A

Viral DNA - the antigen Host immune response - Ab

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9
Q

The use of PCR to detect the bodies immune response can detect the response to a virus or which other three situations?

A

Maternally derived antibodiesPrevious infectionVaccination

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10
Q

Distemper virus is unstable in the environment. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Since there are no antivirals available for many veterinary viral diseases what types of treatment are used for these cases?

A

Symptomatic and supportive

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12
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis is an example of what type of RNA virus?

A

Coronavirus

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13
Q

Which type of virus shows faster mutation rates, DNA or RNA viruses?

A

RNA viruses

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14
Q

Which Coronavirus is FIP thought to have mutated from?

A

Feline enteric Coronavirus

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15
Q

When FIP Coronavirus infects a naive cat which areas of the body does it colonise?

A

Upper respiratory tract

Intestinal epithelium

Tonsils - MALT tissues

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16
Q

How does experimental data compare with field data in relation to length of shedding of FECo?

A

Field data has shown shedding to be much longer (over 7 months) compared with experimental data (14-17 days)

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17
Q

Build up of antigen/antibody complexes in blood vessels during FIP infection can lead to what pathology?

A

Vasculitis

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18
Q

What detrimental effect can FIP Ab have on feline immune system during an FIP challenge? How can this make vaccination difficult?

A

Ab binding to FIP virus can enhance uptake into macrophages therefore increasing pathology. Vaccination increases Ab specific to disease.

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19
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is vital for a cat to overcome FIP?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of fluid withdrawn from a cat with FIP.

A

Straw colouredFroths when shakenClots on standingContains lots of globulin proteins

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21
Q

Haematology and biochemistry of a cat with FIP shows what characteristic results?

A

NeutrophiliaLymphopeniaMild non-regenerative anaemiaHyperproteinaemia - globulins in particularIncreased liver enzymes, urea and bilirubin

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22
Q

How can FIP be transmitted between cats?

A

Oronasal transmissionFaecal/ saliva contaminationTransplacental transmission

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23
Q

CAV-2 is an example of which type of virus? CAV vaccines are active against which strains?

A

AdenovirusCAV - 1&2 (but only contain CAV-2)

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24
Q

Outline the pathogenicity of canine herpes virus.

A

“fading puppy syndrome”Causes systemic disease in puppies and respiratory tract disease in older animals.Causes mild nasal serous discharge.

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25
Which influenza strain is most significant in dogs?
H3N8 - horse \>\> dog strain
26
Outline how an infection of Bordetella bronchoseptica can be identified. How can BB be typed?
Charcoal cephalexin agar from a bronchioalveolar wash/ oro-pharyngeal swab.Typing is done via pulse-field gel electrophoresis (separates larger pieces of DNA)
27
Outline the pathogenicity of Bordetella bronchoseptica.
Incubates for 6 days.Attaches to ciliated epithelium causing ciliostasis. Causes coughing, nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia and paroxysmal cough.
28
How long can the carrier status of Bordetella bronchoseptica persist?
3 Months
29
Outline the structure of Bordetella bronchoseptica.
Gram -ve bacillococcus
30
What type of vaccination is used for bordetella brochoseptica?
Intranasal avirulent live vaccine which causes a local IgA reaction.
31
Name a paramyxo virus and outline its pathogenicity.
Parainfluenza.Multiplies in epithelial and lymphoid tissue and causes mild cough and serous nasal discharge.
32
Order these antibiotics in order of sensitivity to bordetella bronchoseptica - 1)Tetraoxycyclin, 2)ampicilin sulphate, 3)Potentiated amoxycilin enrofloxacin, 4)trimethoprim.
1, 3, 2, 4
33
This type of fungi causes chronic nasal discharge in dolicocephalic dogs.
Aspergillus
34
What clinical signs are seen with infections aspergillus? What differential diagnosis could be suspected?
Chronic nasal discharge, painful muzzle and pain in eating. DD - Tumour, idiopathic, foreign body, trauma.
35
How can Apergillus infections be diagnosed and controlled.
D - Radiography, serology, culture, endoscopy, PMT - systemic antifungals don't work, topical antifungals or surgery to remove damaged turbinates.
36
FPV
Feline Panleukopenia Virus
37
Outline the pathogenic features of FPV.
Reduced WBC's, cerebellar hypoplasia, secondary infections due to reduced WBC's, villus, crypt enteritis.
38
What clinical signs are seen with an FPV infection? What treatment would be offered?
CS - Sudden death, sickly, profuse diarrhoea, panleukopenia, ataxia and intention tremorsT - Supportive, antibacterial, interferons
39
Cowpox is an example of which type of virus? What clinical signs are seen with this disease?
V - Orthopoxvirus. CS - Primary lesions and secondary lesions after 1-3 weeks with an uneventful recovery unless animal is immunocompromised.
40
FSE causes what types of clinical signs and how is it caused?
CS - Behavioural changes similar to BSE. C - via prion contaminated feed.
41
What are the core vaccines for cats in the UK?
Panleucopenia (lasts 2 years), herpesvirus and calicivirus.
42
Name the non-core vaccines of cats in the UK?
Leukaemia, bordetella, chlamydophila, rabies.
43
Outline the features of the FELV vaccination.
Type A protection, 12 month duration, GP70 killed virus, vector vaccine, pre-vaccine test (ensures no vaccine failure), isolate postives and restest
44
Which of the FELV subgroups (a-c) is transmissable?
A
45
What typing of protein core and envelope is present in FELV?
PC - P27. E - GP70
46
Outline the clinical signs seen in FELV infections. How is it transmitted?
CS - neoplastic - mediastinal lymphoma, leukaemia. non-neoplastic - anaemia, secondary infection, infertility, neurological signs.
47
Name the types of FELV infection.
Transient - have virus neutralising antibody and can fight virus, persistent - associated disease develops, latent - virus sits in the bone marrow.
48
How can an infection of FELV be diagnosed?
P27 ELISA, P27 RIM, virus isolation and immunofluorescence.
49
How can persistent and transient viraemia be differenciated in an FELV infection?
Test and retest 12 weeks later, a transient infection would end within this time.
50
Name a canine morbillivirus. Outline its pathogenicity,
Distemper. The virus is ingested by the oro-nasal route and colonises respiratory lymphnodes, bone marrow and spleen and may colonise the CNS epithelium.
51
Distemper virus is stable in the environment. True/False
False
52
What clinical signs are seen with an infection of Distemper? How can it be diagnosed? Treatment?
Anorexia, pyrexia, depression, occular/nasal discharge, cough, conjunctivitis, v&d, hyperkeratosis of nose and feet, seizures (1-3 weeks post-infection). D - history, clinical signs, RT-PCR, virus isolation (difficult), Ag in CSF. T - Supportive and symptomatic
53
What type of vaccination is used against canine distemper?
Modified live
54
Canine infectious hepatitis is caused by which strain of canine adenovirus? Is this virus hardy or unstable in the environment?
CAV - 1. Hardy
55
Why is only the CAV2 strain of adenovirus used in CAV vaccination?
CAV-1. Ab-Ag complexes cause blue eye.
56
Ouline the pathogenicity, clinical signs and treatment of canine infectious hepatitis.
P - ON infection. Colonises vascular endothelium and causes damage to hepatocytes, glomerular cells and cornea.CS - Pyrexia, depression,lethergy, hepatomegaly (pain), petechial haemorrhage, v&d, cough, blue eye, glomerularnephritis.T - supportive and symptomatic.
57
When are blue eye and glomerulonephritis seen after a CAV - 1 infection?
Blue eye - corneal oedema - 1-3 weeks afterGlomerulonephritis - 6-9 month persistence
58
Outline the pathogenicity of parvovirus.
Faecal-oral transmission, replicates in lymphiod tissues causing viraemia. Replicates in rapidly dividing enterocytes (older dogs or causes myocarditis in neonates) of intestinal crypts causing destruction of villi and translocation of GI bacteria and secondary infections.
59
What clinical signs are seen with parvovirus? How is it treated?
V&D, anorexia, depression, pyrexia, dehydration, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (BAD). T - Symptomatic and supportive/ interferon treatment.
60
Sudden death at neonatal (\<8weeks) or in utero
Parvovirus.
61
How can parvovirus be diagnosed?
History, clinical signs, faecal isolation (false positives are possible), serology. PM - Less lymphoid tissue, intestinal breakdown, intestinal inclusion bodies.
62
What is the disinfectant of choice for a parvo infection?
Sodium hypochlorite 1/3 bleach
63
A third initial parvo vaccination is used in which type of dog?
Black and tan - manchester terrier, doberman
64
Outline the characteristic features of Feline Herpes Virus.
DS DNA - reasonably stable, slow evolution. Glycoprotein lipid envelope - attachment. Single serotype - easily vaccination.
65
Outline the clinical signs and pathogenicity of FHV.
CS - Sneezing, cough, dyspnoea, nasal/occular discharge, hypersalivation, pyrexia, lethergy, conjunctivitis. P - ON infection, incubates for 2-6 days and effects oral/ respiratory tissue.
66
How long does it take for an FHV infection of resolve, what type of chronic damage can persist?
10-20 daysTurbinate damage causes a chronic nasal discharge
67
How is FHV diagnosed using cell culture isolation?
Virus transport medium, grown in cell culture since it is obligate intracellular, cytopathic virus of monolayer.
68
This fast evolving ssRNA virus causes less severe URT disease than FHV, has cat-cat transmission and doesn't last more than a week outside the cat.
Feline Calicivirus
69
Febrile lameness. Characterised by which virus?
Shifting lameness with 24-48 hour resolution. Feline calicivirus
70
Stomatitis is seen in what percentage of FCV cases?
80-100%
71
How is Bordetella diagnosed?
Charcoal amies - prevents growth of other pathogensCharcoal cephalexin agar - remember bordetella are resistant to cephalexin
72
What antibiotics are used in the treatment of Bordetella infections?
TetracyclineDoxycyclineEnrofloxacine
73
What percentage of infected cats still shed FCV after 75 days?
50%
74
Outline the carrier status of FHV.
All infected cats become carriers, becomes latent, carrier status is reactivated during periods of stress/ steroid medication etc, shed for 4-11 days (may show clinical signs) these then infect naive animals. FHV carriers are **intermitant shedders.**
75
Outline the carrier status of FCV.
Become carriers 30 days post infection, virus may be eliminated but 50% still shed 75 days after infection. FCV carriers are **persistant shedders** who then infect naive cats
76
What clinical signs are seen with canine infectious hepatitis?
Pyrexia, depression, lethargy, hepatomegaly, petechial bleeding (mucosal), v&d, cough, blue eye, glomerulonephritis.
77
Outline the pathogenicity of canine infectious hepatitis.
Oronasal infection \> 4-7 day incubation \> colonized LN and peyers patches \> infects vascular endothelium of many tissue and also epithelium (corneal, glomerulus, hepatocytes)
78
How is parvovirus transmitted?
Faecal-oral route (may be via fomites)
79
Explain the significance of timing of first vaccination in young animals.
If they are done too young the vaccine will be ineffective due to MDA, therefore they will not have protection until their first booster. If they are done late they will be susceptible to infection.

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