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Ovine abortion Flashcards

1
Q

When is foetal loss defined as abortion in the sheep?

A

140-150 days (147d)

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2
Q

What level of abortion should be the threshold of concern?

A

> 2%

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep?

A

Chlamidophila abortus (enzootic abortion)

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4
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of C. abortus?

A

Abortion after 90 days. Vaginal discharge. Weak lambs. Placentitis (intercotyledonary thickening). Lambs organ inflammation. Sheep are rarely ill.

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5
Q

Describe the phases of life of C. abortus.

A

Extracellular infective - avoids the immune response and becomes intracellular (vacuole)
Intracellular reproductive - able to reproduce by binary fission and parasitically feed off the cell.

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6
Q

Describe the morphology of C. abortus.

A

Gram negative cocci

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7
Q

How is C. abortus spread?

A

Oral transmission. Aborting ewes - heavily contaminated discharges. Carrier ewes - shedding at lambing (+ oestrus)

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8
Q

What occurs in the sheep when C. abortus infects sheep which are:

  1. pre 90d gestation
  2. post 90d gestation
  3. Post lambing
  4. Once aborted
A
  1. CA remains extracellularly until 90d
  2. Abortion
  3. Harbours CA in repro tract until next lambing
  4. Generally immune
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9
Q

How does placentitis during C. abortus infection cause lamb death?

A

Inflammation of the placenta affects nutrient transportation and hormone productio therefore causing lamb death or damage.

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10
Q

How can C. abortus be diagnosed?

A

PM lesions - leathery, intercotyledonary thickening. SUBMIT TO APHA
ZN staining
PCR/ serology

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11
Q

How can C. abortus be controlled?

A

Isolate and burn ALL contaminated material. Remember it is a zoonotic risk.
Treat all ewes prelambing with 20mg/kg Oxytet and repeat in a fortnight. Vaccinate 4 weeks prior to tupping (Enzovax). Ensure biosecurity (don’t buy in.

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12
Q

Name the health scheme associated with C. abortus.

A

EAE accredited ewes from SRUC health schemes.

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13
Q

Enzovax

A

Live attenuated vaccine.
Strong and durable immunity
4 weeks prior to tupping

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14
Q

Describe the effects of Toxoplasmosis in early, mid and late pregnancy in the sheep.

A

Early - 8-10% foetal resorption
Mid - Abortion, weak lambs, mummified foetus
Late - abortion, week, immunity

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15
Q

Definitive T. gondii host?

A

Cat

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16
Q

True or false. T. gondii oocysts are very resistent to environmental pressures. How long can they survive in the environment?

A

True, more than 500 days. They are a significant cause of infection.

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17
Q

How can T. gondii infection be diagnosed in sheep?

A

Submit: foetus, placenta and blood sample.
Gross: Strawberry lesions on the placenta
PCR/ serology/ iFAT

18
Q

How can T. gondii be controlled in sheep?

A

Biosecurity - sheep, cats and vermin.

Vaccination - Toxovax.

19
Q

Toxovax

A

Live attenuated.

Give 3 weeks prior to tupping

20
Q

Which groups of people are most at risk from T. gondii infection?

A

Immunosupressed and pregnant.

21
Q

Which Salmonella spp. is associated with ovine abortion?

A

Salmonella abortus ovis

22
Q

Describe the morphology of S. abortus ovis.

A

Gram negative rods (as for all salmonella!)

23
Q

Clinical signs of S. abortus ovis.

A

Abortion in the last 1/3 of pregnancy.
Metritis following abortion.
Systemic disease.

24
Q

What treatment plan should be instigated during S. abortud ovis infection?

A

Whole group plus individual Oxytet.
Plus non-steroidals for individuals
Ensure a closed flock, mix brought in sheep after lambing.

25
Q

Which Campy species is associated with ovine abortion?

A

Campylobacter fetus fetus

26
Q

Clinical signs associated with C. abortus abortus.

A

Abortion in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy.

Metritis

27
Q

How many weeks post infection does abortion occur in a C fetus fetus infection?

A

1-4 weeks

28
Q

Name some sources of C. fetus fetus

A

Carrier sheep
Contaminated feed and water
Aborted material
Birds

29
Q

Describe the diagnosis and control of C. fetus fetus.

A

Dx - smear and culture placenta, fetal stomach and liver

Control - isolate aborting ewes and dispose of material, broad spec ABs

30
Q

True or False. C. fetus fetus is zoonotic.

A

True

31
Q

Border disease is caused by what?

A

Pestivirus similar to BVD/CSF

32
Q

Clinical signs assocaited with Border Disease.

A

Barren ewes
Placentitis (10-30d post infection) - reabsorbed, weak, mummified
Hairy shaker lambs

33
Q

Hairy shaker lambs.

A

CNS - cerebella hypoplasia
Skin - hairy
Skeleton - long limbs

34
Q

How does border disease affect ewes at:

1. first stage of pregnancy, 2. day 60-85, 3. Post day 85

A
  1. 50% reabsorption, still births
  2. Abortion, hairy shakers, PIs produced
  3. Normal and Ab positive (immune) in ewe and lamb & Immunity
35
Q

How old should PIs be when they are first tested for their persistent infection with border disease?

A

3 months - tested for virus antigen

36
Q

Name an Orthobunyavirus associated with ovine abortion and describe its route of transmission.

A

Schmallenberg virus. Transmitted by midges.

37
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Schmallenberg virus?

A

Cattle - mild, diarrhoea, fever, quick recovery. Sheep - lamb birth defects, increased barren/return to service

38
Q

Describe the congenital abnormalities associated with schmallenberg virus.

A 
Bent limbs
fixed joints
twisted neck/ spine
domed head
brachygnathia inferior
blindness
fitting
inability to suckle
39
Q 
Poorly preserved (>pH) silage is associated with which pathogen which can cause abortion in sheep?
How can it be treated?
A 
Listeria monocytogenes (abortion, septicaemia and encephalitis.
Antibiotics - OT or penicillin
40
Q

Which TBD is associated with ovine abortion?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilia.

Remember to treat with ectoparasiticides - pyrethroids

ID (13 decks)

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