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SM02 Mini1 Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many people are killed by NCDs worldwide per year?

A

35 million or 2/3 of all death

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2
Q

what percentage of NCD deaths occur in low & middle income countries?

A

80%

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3
Q

How much do NCDs usually cost the US per year?

A

billions

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4
Q

4 behavioral risk factors for NCDs

A
  • poor diet
  • little to no exercise/physical inactivity
  • smoking
  • alcohol/drug abuse
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5
Q

4 biological risk factors for NCDs

A
  • raised BP (HTN)
  • raised blood sugar (diabetes)
  • raised cholesterol
  • raised BMI (obesity &/or overweight)
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6
Q

what are the top to leading causes of death in the US over the last 75 years?

A

heart dz & cancer, respectively

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7
Q

What is a positive trend seen in heart dz in the last decade?

A

downward trend in percentage of adults w/at least one of three risk factor (uncontrolled HTN, uncontrolled LDL, or smoking)

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8
Q

primordial prevention

A

create framework or environment for prevention of production or exposure to risk factor

target: reduce initial exposure
ex. age legislation on purchase of cigarettes or banning of smoking in ppublic

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9
Q

primary prevention

A

removal of risk factor or increasing resistance before dz process begins

target: asymptomatic persons to prevent dz (exposed but not diseased- ex. second hand smoker)
ex. smoking cessation programs/respirators for silica

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10
Q

secondary preventation

A

detection of asymptomatic dz

target: those early in dz process to prevent progression to symptomatic stages

seeks to improve prognosis

ex. screening programs

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11
Q

tertiary prevention

A

management or rehabilition of established dz

targets: those w/established dz to halt/retard dz progression & limit complication and/or disability OR to rehabilitate those w/functional and/or socla disabilites
ex. tx of COPD pts/drug abusers

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12
Q

screening

A

presumptive identification of unrecognized dz or defect by application of tests, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly

form of secondary prevention

validity measured by sensitivity & specificity

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13
Q

sensitivity

A

ability of screening test to identify person who have dz

sensitivity= (pts w/dz who tested +)/(all pts w/dz)= a/(a+c)

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14
Q

specificity

A

ability of screening test to identify persons who do not have dz

specificity= (tested -)/(true- + false+)= d/(b+d)

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15
Q

positive predictive value

A

probability that pt w/+ test result is true + for dz

PPV= (pts w/dz who tested +)/(all pts who tested +)= a/(a+b)

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16
Q

negative predictive value

A

probability that pt w/- test result is true - for dz

PPV= (pts w/o dz who tested -)/(all pts who tested -)= d/(c+d)

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17
Q

prevalence

A

measure of dz frequency

proportion of persons in defined population that has the outcome of interest at a defined instant in time

includes old & new cases

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18
Q

incidence

A

measure of dz frequency of NEW cases

risk, odds, or rate

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19
Q

Risk

A

measure of incidence

probability of occurrence of an outcome in an outcome-free population during a specified time period

risk= (#of new cases)/(population initially at risk)= d/N

usually applied to non-recurrent dz or first episode

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20
Q

Odds

A

total # of new cases divided by total # of person who remained dz-free over study period

Odds= d/(N-d)

ratio of probability of getting dz to probability of not getting dz in a given time period

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21
Q

Rate

A

express # of people w/condition or #of events in relation to total population at risk

rate= (# ppl w/condition)/(#total pop. at risk) for given time frame

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22
Q

age-specific rate

A

numerator & denominator refer to same specific age group

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23
Q

crude rates

A

rates calculated on total numbers of persons

NOT specific for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, etc. (risk factors)

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24
Q

case fatality rate

A

proportion of case of a specified cause which dies in a specified period of time

usually expressed as a percentage

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25
cause specific mortality rate
of death by specific cause in defined pop./ unit population in defined period of time
26
infant mortality rate (IMR)
of deaths in children under 1yrs of age/ # of live births in same period in specified population
27
maternal mortality rate
of maternal deaths/ # of live births in same geographic area in same year
28
pregnancy-related mortality ratio
estimated # of pregnancy-related deaths for every 100,000 live births
29
perinatal mortality rate
[# of fetal deaths (20+ weeks) + early neonatal deaths (0-28 days)] / [total # of live births + fetal deaths] in a year in defined pop.
30
survival rate
proportion of survivors in a group (usually pt w/dz) ,who survive a specified period of time
31
characteristics of a systems-based physcian
* interdisciplinary team-based care * robust electronic health record & practice management data * research rich * participation & leadership in all aspects of healthcare
32
3 core functions of public health
1. assurance 2. assessment 3. policy development
33
10 essential services of public health
1. enforce laws 2. link to/provide care 3. assure competent workforce 4. evalute 5. monitor health 6. diagnose & investigate 7. inform, educate, empower 8. mobilize community partnerships 9. develop policy 10. Research
34
FQHC
federally qualified health centers
35
what is the primary Federal agency for improving access to health care services for uninsured, isolated or medicall vulnerable populations?
Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA) also oversees organ, bone marrow & cord blood donation compensates individuals harmed bu vaccination maintains databases that protect against healthcare malpractice, waste, fraud, & abuse
36
What organization is in charge of healthcare organization accreditation, certification, & standards of care?
Joint Commission on Healthcare Organization
37
what important cahnges did the Affordable Care Act of 2010 make for health insurers?
* cannot turn applicants down for hx of illnes * cannot terminate coverage/must renew * cannot charge more to those w/hx of illness * older persons maxed at 3x that of younger * return at least 80% of premiums in form of health service benefits
38
correlation coefficient
closeness by which scatter points lie to a regression line r between -1 & 1
39
2 variable are said to be associated if...
distribution of one variable varies according to the value of the other variable
40
Power of a study
probability of finding & declaring a treatment effect when an effect really exists probability of finding and properly recognizing a correlation important to avoid type II errors while minimizing costs thru involving the optimal # of participants Power = 1 - beta
41
P-value
probability of committing a type I error computed based on difference of the means for treated & control groups if P-value \>/= 0.05, then null hypothesis is accpeted
42
beta
probability of committing type II error
43
alpha
maximum risk of committing type I error commonly set at 0.05-5% risk of committing type I error
44
type II error
failing to identify a correlation via sample population when it in fact exists in the general population
45
type I error
claiming a correlation based on sample group data that does not apply to general population
46
one-tailed null hypothesis
difference between groups or populations or the treatment effect is anticipated in one direction only
47
two-tailed null hypothesis
difference is expected but the direction of difference is not anticipated
48
alternative hypothesis
effect that the investigator is trying to demonstrate
49
null hypothesis
no difference in population parameters among groups being compared statement of no difference or no treatment effect no association of variable
50
confidence intervals
indicates how precise an estimate is 95% confidence interval = mean +/- 2 standard error of the mean
51
standard error of the mean
measur of dispersion or variability of sample means about the true population mean applies variability in sample pop to variability in general pop SE = standard deviation / square root(sample size)
52
statistical inference
generalization of results of a sample to the population from which the sample came from
53
standard deviation
square root of variance s = square root{[sum(xi - mean)2] / (n-1)} divide by n for population divide by n-1 for sample
54
box plot
median, minimum, maximum, first & third quartiles plotted on a line
55
when is median v. mean used?
median is used to measure central location when distribution is skewed mean is measure of central location when distribution is normal
56
variance
"average" squared deviation of values of observations in a ser of data from the mean variance = s2 = [sum of (xi - mean)2] / (n-1)
57
personality traits related to smoking
externalizing personality traits mood disorders ADD or conduct disorder in children
58
occupational respiratory disorders
coal miners pneumoconiosis asbestosis silicosis farmer's lung
59
what genetic disorders are related to COPD?
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency→ damage caused bu elastases (HLE) accelerated by smoking
60
chronic cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
chronic bronchitis
61
COPD is secondary to what dz?
emphysema or chronic bronchitis
62
what histological changes are caused by smoking?
cell necrosis & apoptosis due to increased free radicals squamous metaplasia mucous gland enlargement ciliary damage distortion of the airway
63
what are blue bloaters?
COPD pt w/chronic bronchitis cyanosis & edema can lead to cor pulmonare & pulmonary HTN
64

Behavioral Sciences (9 decks)

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