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SM01 Mini 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

science of public health and preventive medicine

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2
Q

Public Health

A

application of science, policy & service to optimize the health of the population through social actions

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease at rates in excess of what is expected for the given population

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy. The community or region and the period in which the cases occur are specified precisely

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4
Q

Outbreak

A

Epidemic that is limited to a localized increase in incidence of health-related event or disease

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5
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that crosses at least two geographic areas

(Americas, Africa, Eurasia, Antarctica, Oceania)

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6
Q

Endemic

A

usual prevalence of disease in a given area

constant presence of disease in normal proportions for a given area

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7
Q

Biostatistics

A

application of statistics to a biological problem, NOT just medical

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8
Q

Evidence Based Practice

A

integration of: 1. clinical expertise, 2. external scientific evidence, 3. patient/provider perspectives to needs

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9
Q

Quantitative Variable

A

numerical

ie. weight, age, number of incidents

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10
Q

Qualitative Variable

A

categorical

ie. sex, race, social class, disease stage

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11
Q

Variable

A

any attribute, event or phenonmena that can have different values

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that is related to the outcome of interest

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13
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that may influence the outcome

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14
Q

Nominal Variable

A

categories are mutually exclusive & unordered

type of qualitative/categorical variable

ie. sex, race

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15
Q

Ordinal variable

A

categories are mutually exclusive and ordered

type of qualitative variable

ie. socioeconomic class

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16
Q

Discrete variable

A

counted integer

type of quantitative variable

ie. number of incidents

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17
Q

Continuous variable

A

measured, can have any value

type of quantitative variable

ie. weight, height

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18
Q

Distribution Frequency

A

frequency with which the different possible values of a variable occur in a group of subjects

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19
Q

Mean

A

=Σxi

n

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20
Q

Median

A

middle value in a data set

50th percentile

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21
Q

Mode

A

most frequent value in a data set

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22
Q

Range

A

max & min values of a data set

usually recorded as a single number (difference between max and min)

23
Q

Percentiles

A

p th percentile of a distribution is the value such that p percent of the observations fall at or below it

most frequently quartile (p=25) or p=50

24
Q

Interquartile Range

A

central portion of the distribution

calculated by the difference between the third and first quartile

approximately 1/2 of obervations

25
Complete Wellness
spirital, environmental, mental, physical, emotional, social
26
Health Promotion
process of enabling people to increase control over their health & well-being Defense
27
Primary Prevention
action: educate community & individuals outcome: prevent disease ex. sunscreen, seatbelt use, helmet use pt. denies illness/doctor doesn't suspects disease
28
Secondary Prevention
action: community screening outcome: early detection ex. paps, routine colonoscopy, HIV screening pt. denies illness/doctor suspects disease
29
Tertiary Prevention
action: diagnosis & treatment of disease outcome: reduce/slow progess of disease ex. surgery, chemotherapy pt. perceives illness/doctor observes disease
30
Quaternary Prevention
action: do no harm outcome: reduce hazard/ don't over medicate ex. excess testing or repeats of normal test pt. perceives illness/doctor observes absence of disease
31
Preventative Medicine
board certified medical specialty focused on clinical & public health promotion requires MPH & clinical focus on: Aerospace, general preventative & public health, OR occupational & environmental medicine Offense
32
Medical Home
NOT a building the use of a PCP to coordinate all care through secondary & tertiary care (team based approach) offers pt.s comfort, convenience, & optimal care as well as decrease costs
33
Health Home
team-based approach for individuals with approved chronic conditions on Medicaid PCP, mental health center, or other qualified clinic strong focus on behavioral health, social support, & other services
34
Obesity
BMI greater than 30
35
Overweight
BMI 25-30
36
Normal weight
BMI of 18.5-25
37
Underweight
under 18.5
38
Modifiable Health Risk Behaviors
1. smoking (tobacco use) 2. sedentary lifestyle 3. poor nutrition/obesity 4. excess alcohol 5. poor sleep (too much or too little) there are plenty of other possibilities, these are the top offenders
39
Stages of Change
1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance try to encourage patients to move one step at a time, if you try to force all the way they will shutdown (feel lectured to)
40
Precontemplation
not considering change/"in denial" may have tried repeatedly but given up remind them why they should try again
41
Contemplation
unsure about making change, weighing cost/benefit or pro/cons identify barriers to change, support
42
Preparation
prepared to make small changes help them to set realistic goals
43
Action
takes action to change provide positive reinforcement
44
Maintenance
strives to maintain new behavior provide encouragement
45
Medical model of substance abuse
gender, genetics (child of addict is 4x more likely to also be an addict), behavior, environment (availability), culture (acceptable or not)
46
Criteria for Substance Use Disorders
1. often taken in larger amts or longer period than intended 2. persistent desire to cut down or control 3. large amt time spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from 4. craving 5. failure to fulfill role at work, school, or home 6. continued uses despite problems caused by use 7. important activities given up or reduced b/c of use 8. recurrent use in hazardous situations 9. use despite knowledge that it is causing or exacerbating other physical or psych. problems 10. tolerance: needing more or diminished effect 11. withdrawal or taken to relieve withdrawal symptoms
47
Mild abuse
2-3 criteria suggest early intervention or outpatient services
48
Moderate Abuse
4-5 criteria intensive outpatient services: 10-12 hours/week of counseling, therapy, and workshops OR rehab (28 day residential)
49
Severe Abuse
6 or more criteria met inpatient medical intensive care
50
Addiction
brain disease involving compulsive behavior, continued abuse despite knowledge of negative consequences, & persistent changes in brain structure & function
51
Screening for Abuse
CAGE interview 1 or more positive answers= at risk for use 2 or more= probable use sensitivity= 43-94%; specificity= 78-96%
52
CAGE
1. have you felt you should **C**ut down use? 2. Have people **A**nnoyed you by criticizing your use? 3. Have you felt **Guilty** about use? 4. **E**ye Opener ex: have you ever taken a drink first thing in the morning to get rid of a hangover?
53
Overdose Risk Factors
1. opioid prescription 2. high dose opioid prescription 3. poverty 4. age (55+) 5. poly-substance abuse 6. illness 7. recent abstinence

Behavioral Sciences (9 decks)

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