slide flashcards W1D1

Question 1

taratogen (def)

Answer 1

environmental factors (toxins, viruses, etc) that disrupt embryonic or fetal development

Question 2

trisomy (def)

Answer 2

3 copies of a chromosome (down syndrome is example of non-lethal trisomy)

Question 3

what is a baby called from weeks 3-8

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

during what period is a baby an embryo

Answer 4

weeks 3-8

Question 5

what is a baby called from weeks 9-40

Answer 5

fetus

Question 6

when is a baby called a fetus

Answer 6

weeks 9-40

Question 7

what is the phase called before a baby is an embryo

Answer 7

preimplantation phase

Question 8

how many days post conception does gastrolation occur

Answer 8

13-19 days post conception

Question 9

what is invagination

Answer 9

the formation of the primitive streak along midline (during gastrolation)

Question 10

in a blastocyst, what are the two components

Answer 10

epiblast and hypoblast (fluid filled cavity)

Question 11

what is the trophoblast and what does it become

Answer 11

cells forming edge of blastula/blastocyst that becomes the placenta

Question 12

what is a notochord

Answer 12

rod-like structure that defines the midline of the embryo and the position of CNS also sends signals to the ectoderm above to differentiate into the neural plate

Question 13

the ectoderm thickens and grows into the BLANK over the BLANK

Answer 13

the ectoderm thickens and grows in the NEURAL PLATE over the NOTOCHORD

Question 14

the cell devides from the midline (what stucture is there)

Answer 14

primitive streak notochord determins midline

Question 15

cells continue deviding some faster than others forming the BLANK

Answer 15

neural groove

Question 16

ridges of the neural ggroove join forming the BLANK which eventualy becomes the BLANK

Answer 16

ridges of the neural groove join forming the NEURAL TUBE wich eventually becomes the CNS

Question 17

ectoderm columns are pinched off from each side of the neural tube (the sides of the neural tube are called the BLANK) which become BLANK and BLANK

Answer 17

ectoderm columns are pinched off from each side of the neural tube (called the NEURAL CREST) which eventually become sensory and autonomic ganglia (PNS)

Question 18

what is the neural crest

Answer 18

ectoderm cells next to neural groove that are pinched off and become sensory and autonomic ganglia (PNS)

Question 19

what does the notochord become in adult humans

Answer 19

nucleous pulposes in spine

Question 20

what happens during prenatal developement if there is excessive vitamin a

Answer 20

can impede neural tube closer and differentiation

Question 21

what are the meninges

Answer 21

protective membrains covering + surrounding brain

Question 22

name the three meninges from out to in

Answer 22

dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

Question 23

through which layer of meninges do blood vessels flow

Answer 23

arachnoid matter/space

Question 24

stem cell definition

Answer 24

a single cell that can either 1. replicate itself or 2. differentiate into many different cell types

Question 25

what are the two zones during neurogenesis

Answer 25

ventricular and marginal zone

Question 26

cells in the ventricular zone during neurogenesis will BLANK

Answer 26

continue to devide/devide again

Question 27

cells in the marginal zone during neurogenesis will BLANK

Answer 27

eventually leave the ventricular zone and will differentiate into either neurons or glial cells

Question 28

how do cells know where to go in brain + how do they get there

Answer 28

migrating cells 'climb' along radial glia and move away from ventricular layer, the migrating cells release molecules that guide other cells

Question 29

what are radial glia cells

Answer 29

Cells. That. aid in cell migration (migrating cells 'climb' the radial glia)

Question 30

where do radial glia cells come from

Answer 30

neuroepithelial cells

Question 31

are radial glia cells precurser neurons

Answer 31

yes, radial glia are a type of precurser neuron cell and produce neuroblasts and glioblasts

Question 32

what is lissencephaly

Answer 32

brain with no folds

Question 33

the fate of a differentiating cell depends on both BLANK and BLANK

Answer 33

the fate of a differentiating cell depends on both its GENETIC PROGRAM and CHEMICAL SIGNALS it receives from its surroundings

Question 34

gene expression is effected by BLANK to BLANK interactions

Answer 34

CELL to CELL interactions

Question 35

what is process outgrowth

Answer 35

the extensive growth of young axons and dendrites

Question 36

how do axons know where to point/go

Answer 36

guided by attracting chemical signals released by target cells

Question 37

extensions at the tips of axons and dendrites are called BLANK

Answer 37

growth cones

Question 38

why does neuronal cell death ocur

Answer 38

competition for synaptic sites, size of the target area, competition for chemicals (food), neurotropic factors

Question 39

what makes neurotropic factors

Answer 39

target cells

Question 40

what is a neurotropic factor

Answer 40

protien produced by target cell(s) which regulate expression of genes and affect development of the neuron

Question 41

what 2 things influence synaptic survival/not dying

Answer 41

neural activity (use or lack of use) and neurotrophic factors

Question 42

what does enrichment/an enriched environment effect (4)?

Answer 42

- more glial cells per neuron - thicker cerebral cortex - increased dendritic complexity - increased synaptic efficacy