day 2 (neural development, differentiation, embryonic development, etc)

Question 1

what is a morula

Answer 1

the stage post-zygote, 16-100 cells

Question 2

what is a blastula/blastocyst

Answer 2

the stage of development where there exists a fluid filled cavity and cells which continue dividing to form the embryo

Question 3

what is the stage of developement after zygote

Answer 3

morula

Question 4

what is the stage of development after morula

Answer 4

blastocyst/blastula

Question 5

what is gastrulation

Answer 5

devision + differentiation of cells forming the 3 different tissues (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) and eventual neural tube

Question 6

what is the process called in which the blastocyst starts differentiating into 3 different tissues

Answer 6

gastrulation

Question 7

what does the ectoderm turn into

Answer 7

skin (epidermis), nervous system (neural tube, neural crest)

Question 8

what does the endoderm turn into

Answer 8

internal organs

Question 9

what does the mesoderm turn into

Answer 9

somites (precursers to muscle and bone), and notochords

Question 10

what happens during the process of neurolation

Answer 10

ectoderm thickens + grows neural plate, cells devide forming the neural groove, ridges of groove come together to form neural tube (becomes CNS)

Question 11

what is the process of the formation of the neural groove then neural tube called

Answer 11

neurolation

Question 12

where does the notochord come from

Answer 12

mesoderm

Question 13

where does the neural tube come from

Answer 13

ectoderm

Question 14

what do gill arches turn into in humans

Answer 14

cranial nerves

Question 15

name the 3 subdivisions of the neural tube (ant. to post.)

Answer 15

proencephalon, mesocephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 16

what causes anencephaly

Answer 16

anterior side of neural tube doesnt close (due to lack of formic acid)

Question 17

what causes spina bifida

Answer 17

posterior side of neural tube doesnt close (due to lack of formic acid)

Question 18

what does the proencephalon devide into

Answer 18

the telencephalon and the diencephalon

Question 19

where do the telencephalon and diencephalon originate from

Answer 19

the proencephalon (frontbrain)

Question 20

what does the mesencephalon devide into

Answer 20

NOTHING! or tegmentum and tectum depending on source

Question 21

what does the telencephalon turn into in adulthood

Answer 21

cerebral cortex + basal ganglia

Question 22

what does the diencephalon turn into in adulthood

Answer 22

thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 23

what does the rhombencephalon devide into

Answer 23

the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

Question 24

where do the metencephalon and the myelencephalon originate from

Answer 24

the rhombenscephalon

Question 25

what does the metencephalon turn into in adulthood

Answer 25

the pons and cerebellum

Question 26

what does the myelencephalon turn into in adulthood

Answer 26

medulla

Question 27

what is the function of ventricles in the brain

Answer 27

protection (room for swelling etc), stores cerebral spinal fluid, ion exchange (with circulatory system)

Question 28

where are the brain ventricles formed from

Answer 28

inside of the neural tube (neural lumen, aka an open space)

Question 29

name the stages of neurodevelopment

Answer 29

neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death, synapse rearrangement (continues throughout life)

Question 30

what is a totipotent cell

Answer 30

stem cell that can become ANY tissue

Question 31

what is a pluripotent cell

Answer 31

stem cell that can become any BODY tissue (not placenta)

Question 32

what is a multipotent cell

Answer 32

stem cells that (during gastrolation) can become any type of neuron or glial cell