day 2 (neural development, differentiation, embryonic development, etc) Flashcards
what is a morula
the stage post-zygote, 16-100 cells
what is a blastula/blastocyst
the stage of development where there exists a fluid filled cavity and cells which continue dividing to form the embryo
what is the stage of developement after zygote
morula
what is the stage of development after morula
blastocyst/blastula
what is gastrulation
devision + differentiation of cells forming the 3 different tissues (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) and eventual neural tube
what is the process called in which the blastocyst starts differentiating into 3 different tissues
gastrulation
what does the ectoderm turn into
skin (epidermis), nervous system (neural tube, neural crest)
what does the endoderm turn into
internal organs
what does the mesoderm turn into
somites (precursers to muscle and bone), and notochords
what happens during the process of neurolation
ectoderm thickens + grows neural plate, cells devide forming the neural groove, ridges of groove come together to form neural tube (becomes CNS)
what is the process of the formation of the neural groove then neural tube called
neurolation
where does the notochord come from
mesoderm
where does the neural tube come from
ectoderm
what do gill arches turn into in humans
cranial nerves
name the 3 subdivisions of the neural tube (ant. to post.)
proencephalon, mesocephalon, rhombencephalon
what causes anencephaly
anterior side of neural tube doesnt close (due to lack of formic acid)
what causes spina bifida
posterior side of neural tube doesnt close (due to lack of formic acid)
what does the proencephalon devide into
the telencephalon and the diencephalon
where do the telencephalon and diencephalon originate from
the proencephalon (frontbrain)
what does the mesencephalon devide into
NOTHING! or tegmentum and tectum depending on source
what does the telencephalon turn into in adulthood
cerebral cortex + basal ganglia
what does the diencephalon turn into in adulthood
thalamus, hypothalamus
what does the rhombencephalon devide into
the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
where do the metencephalon and the myelencephalon originate from
the rhombenscephalon
what does the metencephalon turn into in adulthood
the pons and cerebellum
what does the myelencephalon turn into in adulthood
medulla
what is the function of ventricles in the brain
protection (room for swelling etc), stores cerebral spinal fluid, ion exchange (with circulatory system)
where are the brain ventricles formed from
inside of the neural tube (neural lumen, aka an open space)
name the stages of neurodevelopment
neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death, synapse rearrangement (continues throughout life)
what is a totipotent cell
stem cell that can become ANY tissue
what is a pluripotent cell
stem cell that can become any BODY tissue (not placenta)
what is a multipotent cell
stem cells that (during gastrolation) can become any type of neuron or glial cell
