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neuro - block 1 > just flashcards from week one idk > Flashcards

just flashcards from week one idk

1
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

medial surface of cortex

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2
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

lateral side of cortex

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3
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

occipital lobe, bottom of temporal lobes (ventral cortex)

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4
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery become when it enters the circle of willis/CNS

A

corotid artery

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5
Q

what did golgi discover

A

golgi stains, silver nitrate stains around 1% of cells (but not the axon), thought that all neurons were connected (reticularis doctrine), golgi stain is yello

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6
Q

what is the reticularis doctrine

A

golgi thought that all neurons were connected like a web

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7
Q

who was the person who discovered the yellow staining technique

A

camillo golgi

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8
Q

who was the person who discovered the purple staining technique

A

franz nissl (nissl stain)

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9
Q

who came up with the neuronal doctrine

A

ramon santiago y cajal

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10
Q

what did ramon santiago y cajal discover/think

A

neurons are not connected but have spaces between them through which they communicate

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11
Q

how many neurons are in the human brain

A

around 86 billion

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12
Q

name the three types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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13
Q

name four zones of a neuron from dendrites to terminal

A

input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, output zone

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14
Q

what is a neurite

A

the branches (axon or dendrites) which come off the cell body of a neuronwhat

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15
Q

what makes a neuron unipolar

A

one neurite

cell body—————–dendrites

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16
Q

what makes a neuron bipolar

A

two neurites

dendrite——-cellbody——————-sensoryreceptor

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17
Q

what makes a neuron pseudopolar

A

one axon that splits into two branches

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18
Q

where are pseudopolar neurons found

A

in dorsal root ganglia

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19
Q

what makes a neuron multipolar

A

more than two neurites

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20
Q

what type of neurons are typically multipolar

A

motor neurons, cortical neurons

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21
Q

what type of neurons are typically uni and bipolar

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

what is the advantage/point of multipolar neurons

A

receive multiple inputs

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23
Q

what is the advantage/point of uni and bipolar neurons

A

rapid transmission (not really needing to do integration of stimulus)

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24
Q

what and where is the axon hillock

A

where the neuron integrates info + makes signaling decision (right before axon on cell body)

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25
Q

are chemical synapses or gap junctions/electrical synapses faster

A

electric/gap junction synapses are faster

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26
Q

name all 7 shapes of neurons

A

pyramidal cell, basket cell, chandelier cell, arachniform cell, spiny stellate cell, bitufted cell, double boquet cell

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27
Q

what is the main dendrite of a pyramidal cell called

A

apical dendrite

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28
Q

name the parts of a pyramidal cell

A

cell body, axon, apical dendrite, basilar dendrite, oblique dendrite

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29
Q

what is the name of a dendrite that branches from the apical dendrite of a pyramidal cell

A

oblique

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30
Q

what is the name of a dendrite that branches from the cell body (sort of bunchy) in a pyramidal cell

A

basilar dendrite

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31
Q

how much of the axon can you see in a golgi stain of a neuron

A

barely any, bc myelin doesnt stain in golgi stains

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32
Q

name the 5 types of glial cells

A

microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, shwann cells, satellite cells

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33
Q

what is the function of microglia cells

A

activated in response to injury, infection, etc. can cause swelling, too much = bad

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34
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A

regulates local bloodflow, nourishment to blood vessels, and maintains the BBB

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35
Q

how do astrocytes help maintain the BBB

A

astrocytes wrap all around capilaries forming tight junctions so anything cant enter the brain

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36
Q

what do astrocytes have to do with cerebral spinal fluid

A

CSF can travel through the ‘feet’ of the astrocytes. metabolic waste is carried away through this cerebral spinal fluid mostly as you sleep (slow wave sleep before REM)

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37
Q

what does an oligodendrocyte do

A

provides myelin to neurons in CNS

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38
Q

what do shwann cells do

A

provides myelin to neurons in PNS

39
Q

what is a main difference between oligodendrocytes and shwann cells (beside CNS/PNS)

A

oligodendrocytes can myelenate MANY axons while shwann cells can only do a little (like one essentially)

40
Q

what can be a problem with glial cells

A

continue dividing (unlike neurons) and are susceptible to cause tumor

41
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

found inside of brain ventricles and produce + secrete CSF

42
Q

where are ependymal cells found

A

inside of brain ventricles

43
Q

what structure do ependymal cells have that many others do not

A

cilia to create current in the CSF

44
Q

what are nine words for a group of axons

A

bundle, peduncle, nerve, commisure, fasiculus, funiculus, tract, lemniscus, corpus callosum

45
Q

definition of membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical charge across the cell membrain (charge inside cell vs charge outside)

46
Q

depolorization definiton

A

membran potential moves toward zero (more positive)

47
Q

hyperpolarization definition

A

membrain potential moves away from zero (more negative)

48
Q

equilibrium potential

A

when the electrical and chemical gradients for a particular ion ‘ballance out’ and there is no net movement of ions across the membrain

49
Q

which equation do you use to calculate an ions equilibrium potential

A

nerst equation

50
Q

which equation do you use to predict which direction/where an ion is going to move

A

goldman equation

51
Q

what does the sodium potasium pump do (specific)

A

uses ATP to move 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in, maintaining the negative intracellular charge

52
Q

what does a positive result in the goldman equation mean

A

ion wants to move OUT of cell

53
Q

what does a negative result from the goldman equation mean

A

ion wants to move INTO the cell

54
Q

is depolorization excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

55
Q

is hyperpolarization excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

56
Q

when the mp becomes more positive (closer to zero) this is BLANK which is a INHIBIOTORY/EXCITATORY signal

A

this is DEPOLARIZATION which is EXCITATORY

57
Q

what the mp becomes more negative, this is BLANK which is an INHIBITORY/EXCITATORY signal

A

this is HYPERPOLARIZATION which is INHIBITORY

58
Q

where do chemical/ligand gated ion chanels exist on a neuron

A

soma + dendrites

59
Q

where do voltage gated ion channels exist on a neuron

A

axon

60
Q

what is the space between myelinated sections of an axon called

A

nodes of ranvier

61
Q

what is a post-synaptic potential

A

small, brief changes in membane poential

62
Q

what causes a post-synaptic potential

A

the opening of CHEMICALLY gated ion channels

63
Q

what is an EPSP

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

increase chances of generating an action potential (depolorization)

64
Q

what is an IPSP

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

decreases the chances of generating an action potential (hyperpolarization)

65
Q

what does it mean the post-synaptic potentials are graded

A

have varying strengths

66
Q

3 types of membrane potentials

A

resting mp, post-synaptic/graded potentials, action potentials

67
Q

what ion channels open to cause depolarization

A

sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the cell bringing positive charge, making the mp more positive (depolorized)

68
Q

what ion channels open to cause hyperpolarization

A

chloride channels open and chloride enters the cell making the membaine potential more negative (hyperpolarization)

ALSO CAN OCCUR WHEN:

potassium chanels are opened and potassium exits the cell making the cell more negative

69
Q

what is summation

A

if EPSP is followed by addition EPSPs, sodium chanels will remain open or more will open increasing the sodium conductance and the EPSPs summate (are all added up)

70
Q

what is threshold mp

A

each neuron has a threshold mp at which cell will fire an action potential if the summation of EPSPs causes a cell’s mp to reach threshold

71
Q

name the two types of summation

A

temporal and spacial

72
Q

what is temporal summation

A

when one presynaptic input stimulates a postsynaptic neuron multiple times in a row

73
Q

what is spacial summation

A

when multiple presynaptic inputs stimulate one post-synaptic neuron at the same time

74
Q

can EPSPs summate with IPSPs?

A

yes, will result in either weaker deplarization (compared to EPSP(s) alone) or no depolarization (depends on strength of IPSP)

75
Q

what is propogation

A

the action potential traveling from the axon hillock down the axon to the presynaptic terminal resulting in the release of neurotransmitters

76
Q

what opens voltage-gated ion channels

A

when the cell reaches the threshold membane potential

77
Q

name the 5 phases of an action potential

A

depolarization, overshoot (rising phase), falling phase, undershoot, return to rest

78
Q

what causes the rising phase of an action potential

A

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels which open immediatly once cell reaches threshold mp. sodium rushes in depolarizing the cell

79
Q

what causes the falling phase of an action potential

A

caused by the inactivation of sodium channels + the opening of potassium channels.

(abt one milisecond after sodium ion channels open, the sodium channels close and potassium channels open. potassium (+) rushes out of the cell repolarizing the mp + returns mp to rest)

80
Q

what is the voltage trigger for the opening of potassium channels (during action potential)

A

also the threshold mp but sodium channels open immediatly and potassium channels have a short delay

81
Q

what causes the undershoot of an action potential

A

caused by potassium channels remaining open just long enough to cause hyperpolarization as potassium moves toward its equilibrium potential

82
Q

what causes the return to rest phase of an action potential

A

voltage gated ion channels close + sodium/potassium pump reestablishes proper ion concentrations (return to resting mp)

83
Q

what is a refractory period

A

neurons can only fire so fast, the refractory period is the time during and right after an action potential is fired in which a neuron cannot fire another action potential

84
Q

what are the two types of refractory periods

A

absolute refractory periods and relitive refractory periods

85
Q

absolute refractory period (def)

A

during rising + falling phases. during absolute rf a second action potential cannot be fired reguardless of stimulus strength

86
Q

relative refractory period (def)

A

during the undershoot. neuron CAN still fire but need a larger-than-normal stimulus to make cell reach threshold again

87
Q

what causes the absolute refractory period, why physically can the neuron not fire?

A

the voltage-gated ion channels are either open (rising phase) or inactivated (falling phase)

88
Q

how does the nervous system know the strength of a stimulus

A

frequency of action potential firing (weak stimuli cause less frequent action potentials that strong stimuli)

89
Q

what keeps an action potential from going backwards/the wrong way

A

the refractory period.

as an action potential moves from one node of ranvier to the next, the sodium channels inactivate once the action potential has ‘passed’ and the inactivated channels on the previous axon segment make it impossible for the membane to depolarize again

90
Q

what effects speed of action potential propogation/movement

A

myelination and axon diameter

91
Q

how does myelin make the propogation of axon potentials faster

A

action potential ‘jumps/skips’ over myelinated segments (from one node of ranvier to the next), making the distance traveled much shorter

92
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

conduction of action potential on a myelinated axon (jumping from one node of ranvier to the next)

93
Q

how does axon diameter effect conduction speed

A

larger the axon diameter, faster the propogation of action potentials

neuro - block 1 (13 decks)

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