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Psychology > Sleep and dreaming > Flashcards

Sleep and dreaming Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sleep cycle.

A

A nightly pattern of deep sleep, like sleep and dreaming

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2
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement, caused by eyes, moving a lot behind the eyelids, often while dreaming

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3
Q

What is NREM sleep?

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep (make up the four stages of sleep)

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4
Q

What are the four NREM stages of sleep?

A
  1. Sleep onset
  2. Late night stage
  3. Pre-deep sleep
  4. Deep sleep
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5
Q

Define ‘sleep onset’.

A

-Period between wakefulness and sleep
- Light sleep-can be woken easily
- Muscles less active
- Alpha waves (resting waves)

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6
Q

Define ‘late night stage’.

A
  • Eye movement stops
  • Body temp starts to drop
  • Heart rate slows
  • Mainly theta brain waves and spindles (helps us rest)
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7
Q

Define ‘pre-deep sleep’.

A
  • Slow delta waves
  • Hard to be woken up
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8
Q

Define ‘deep sleep’

A
  • Slow delta waves
  • Hard to be woken up (if you get woken, you feel disorientated)
  • No eye movement
  • Sleep walking/night terrors in this stage
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9
Q

What stage does sleep walking/night terrors occur?

A

Deep sleep

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10
Q

What is sensory blockade?

A

Sight, sound, touch, taste and smell is blocked

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11
Q

What is movement inhibition?

A

Happens in REM sleep. Movement is prevented. Also known as sleep paralysis.

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12
Q

What is the average amount of sleep needed for adults and children/ teenagers?

A

Adults - 7 hours
Children/teenagers - 9 hours

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13
Q

What is the main function of sleep?

A

Survival

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14
Q

What is sleep deprivation?

A

Not having enough sleep. This can affect physical functioning such as weight and brain functioning.

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15
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A
  • Cognition (thinking)
  • Day-to-day activities like work or driving
  • weak immune system
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16
Q

Define ‘circadian rhythm’.

A

Human body rhythms that have a daily (24 hour) cycle such as the sleep/wake cycle

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17
Q

What is a bodily rhythm?

A

A biological (internal) rhythm that can happen daily, monthly or annually

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18
Q

What is the sleep/wake cycle?

A

A daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24 hour period (circadian rhythms) that is influenced by day and night

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19
Q

De if ‘ultradian rhythm’.

A

A biological rhythm, which is shorter than a day - such as stages of sleep

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20
Q

Define ‘hormones’.

A

Sleep helps to reset hormones and what we do in our day affects our hormone levels

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21
Q

What are the internal influences on sleep?

A
  • hormones
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22
Q

What are the names of the hormones which affect sleep?

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone
  • Melatonin hormone
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23
Q

What is melatonin?

A

A hormone that signals the need for sleep

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24
Q

What triggers melatonin?

A

Darkness

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25
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Small gland that is located near the centre of the brain which creates melatonin so as part of the sleep/wake cycle

26
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

-A hormone released during stress
- There is more ACTH in someone with insomnia

27
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nuclei?

A

Produces melatonin, which triggers the need for sleep.

28
Q

Give three examples of external influences on sleep.

A
  • Light
  • Food
  • Stress (environmental)
29
Q

Define ‘zeitgeibers’.

A

External cues that regulate the body circadian rhythm

30
Q

What is entrainment?

A

When biological rhythms are matched, environmental triggers. For example, circadian rhythms, being set by external cues like light.

31
Q

Who did the cave study?

A

Siffre

32
Q

Name two sleep disorders.

A
  • Insomnia
  • Narcolepsy
33
Q

What is a primary sleep disorder?

A

The disorder is the problem e.g insomnia

34
Q

What is a secondary sleep disorder?

A

The problems with the sleep are symptoms of another disorder e.g depression

35
Q

How many people are affected by insomnia?

A

1 in 3

36
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Problems with sleeping at night

37
Q

What is acute insomnia?

A

Brief periods of problems with sleep

38
Q

Symptoms on insomnia.

A
  • Difficulty falling asleep
  • Laying awake at night
  • Waking up though out the night
  • Not feeling refreshed on waking
  • Unable to concentrate
39
Q

What is chronic insomnia?

A

When difficulty with sleep, occurs three or more nights a week, lasting at least three months. This type may need treatment.

40
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A disorder where person has no control over their sleep-wake cycle

41
Q

How many people are affected by narcolepsy?

A

1 in 2000

42
Q

Symptoms of narcolepsy.

A
  • Excessive daytime sleeping
  • Hallucinations and vivid dreams
  • Loss of muscle power and tone (cataplexy)
  • Sleep paralysis and abnormal REM
43
Q

Some causes of narcolepsy.

A

Hypocretin, genes , stress and evolution

44
Q

What is Freud’s theory of dreaming?

A

According to Freud, dreams involve symbols that mean something to the dream and need to be analysed by professional to uncover the meaning

45
Q

What is the conscious mind?

A

What we are aware of

46
Q

What is the pre-conscious mind?

A

What we make ourselves aware of with some thinking

47
Q

What is the unconscious mind?

A

Inaccessible parts of our mind that affect our behaviour and feelings (90% of our thinking)

48
Q

What is repression?

A

Bury our unacceptable, thoughts, wishes, and desires into unconscious mind. This supports the balance of the ego

49
Q

Define ‘Id’.

A

The part of the personality that is demanding, thoughts such as ‘I want..’. Unconscious wishes and desires are held here

50
Q

Define ‘super ego’.

A

The part of the personality, that is the conscience, thoughts such as ‘you can’t have that’

51
Q

Define ‘ego’.

A

The part of the personality that is the reasoning, and makes decisions to balance the Id and superego’s demands

52
Q

Define ‘manifest content’.

A

The part of the dream that the person tells. It is the content = the things you see in dreams

53
Q

Define ‘latent content’.

A

The real meaning of the dream, hidden behind the manifest part. It is the latent content that uncovers unconscious thinking and this is what psychoanalysts analyse

54
Q

Define ‘dreamwork’.

A

The way the mind keeps unconscious thoughts hidden during dreaming. This is to protect the individual

55
Q

What is condensation?

A

Many ideas appear as one in a dream, so the idea needs unpicking

56
Q

What is displacement?

A

In a dream, something unimportant seems to be important, shifting attention away from the important thing

57
Q

What is secondary elaboration?

A

Using would like to use to build a whole story. The mind will add bits to the dream in order for it to make sense. Just get in the way of understanding the latent content

58
Q

Who conducted the little hans theory?

A

Freud

59
Q

Who created the activation synthesis theory of dreaming?

A

Hobson and McCarley

60
Q

Define ‘activation’.

A

Random thoughts in the brain when in REM sleep

61
Q

Define ‘synthesis’.

A

Part of the brain that puts together, the random thought of the dream

Psychology (8 decks)

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