Sleep and dreaming

Question 1

Define sleep cycle.

Answer 1

A nightly pattern of deep sleep, like sleep and dreaming

Question 2

What is REM sleep?

Answer 2

Rapid eye movement, caused by eyes, moving a lot behind the eyelids, often while dreaming

Question 3

What is NREM sleep?

Answer 3

Non-rapid eye movement sleep (make up the four stages of sleep)

Question 4

What are the four NREM stages of sleep?

Answer 4

1. Sleep onset
2. Late night stage
3. Pre-deep sleep
4. Deep sleep

Question 5

Define ‘sleep onset’.

Answer 5

-Period between wakefulness and sleep
- Light sleep-can be woken easily
- Muscles less active
- Alpha waves (resting waves)

Question 6

Define ‘late night stage’.

Answer 6

• Eye movement stops
• Body temp starts to drop
• Heart rate slows
• Mainly theta brain waves and spindles (helps us rest)

Question 7

Define ‘pre-deep sleep’.

Answer 7

• Slow delta waves
• Hard to be woken up

Question 8

Define ‘deep sleep’

Answer 8

• Slow delta waves
• Hard to be woken up (if you get woken, you feel disorientated)
• No eye movement
• Sleep walking/night terrors in this stage

Question 9

What stage does sleep walking/night terrors occur?

Answer 9

Deep sleep

Question 10

What is sensory blockade?

Answer 10

Sight, sound, touch, taste and smell is blocked

Question 11

What is movement inhibition?

Answer 11

Happens in REM sleep. Movement is prevented. Also known as sleep paralysis.

Question 12

What is the average amount of sleep needed for adults and children/ teenagers?

Answer 12

Adults - 7 hours
Children/teenagers - 9 hours

Question 13

What is the main function of sleep?

Answer 13

Survival

Question 14

What is sleep deprivation?

Answer 14

Not having enough sleep. This can affect physical functioning such as weight and brain functioning.

Question 15

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

Answer 15

• Cognition (thinking)
• Day-to-day activities like work or driving
• weak immune system

Question 16

Define ‘circadian rhythm’.

Answer 16

Human body rhythms that have a daily (24 hour) cycle such as the sleep/wake cycle

Question 17

What is a bodily rhythm?

Answer 17

A biological (internal) rhythm that can happen daily, monthly or annually

Question 18

What is the sleep/wake cycle?

Answer 18

A daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24 hour period (circadian rhythms) that is influenced by day and night

Question 19

De if ‘ultradian rhythm’.

Answer 19

A biological rhythm, which is shorter than a day - such as stages of sleep

Question 20

Define ‘hormones’.

Answer 20

Sleep helps to reset hormones and what we do in our day affects our hormone levels

Question 21

What are the internal influences on sleep?

Answer 21

• hormones

Question 22

What are the names of the hormones which affect sleep?

Answer 22

• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone
• Melatonin hormone

Question 23

What is melatonin?

Answer 23

A hormone that signals the need for sleep

Question 24

What triggers melatonin?

Answer 24

Darkness

Question 25

What is the pineal gland?

Answer 25

Small gland that is located near the centre of the brain which creates melatonin so as part of the sleep/wake cycle

Question 26

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 26

-A hormone released during stress - There is more ACTH in someone with insomnia

Question 27

What is the suprachiasmatic nuclei?

Answer 27

Produces melatonin, which triggers the need for sleep.

Question 28

Give three examples of external influences on sleep.

Answer 28

- Light - Food - Stress (environmental)

Question 29

Define ‘zeitgeibers’.

Answer 29

External cues that regulate the body circadian rhythm

Question 30

What is entrainment?

Answer 30

When biological rhythms are matched, environmental triggers. For example, circadian rhythms, being set by external cues like light.

Question 31

Who did the cave study?

Answer 31

Siffre

Question 32

Name two sleep disorders.

Answer 32

- Insomnia - Narcolepsy

Question 33

What is a primary sleep disorder?

Answer 33

The disorder is the problem e.g insomnia

Question 34

What is a secondary sleep disorder?

Answer 34

The problems with the sleep are symptoms of another disorder e.g depression

Question 35

How many people are affected by insomnia?

Answer 35

1 in 3

Question 36

What is insomnia?

Answer 36

Problems with sleeping at night

Question 37

What is acute insomnia?

Answer 37

Brief periods of problems with sleep

Question 38

Symptoms on insomnia.

Answer 38

- Difficulty falling asleep - Laying awake at night - Waking up though out the night - Not feeling refreshed on waking - Unable to concentrate

Question 39

What is chronic insomnia?

Answer 39

When difficulty with sleep, occurs three or more nights a week, lasting at least three months. This type may need treatment.

Question 40

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 40

A disorder where person has no control over their sleep-wake cycle

Question 41

How many people are affected by narcolepsy?

Answer 41

1 in 2000

Question 42

Symptoms of narcolepsy.

Answer 42

- Excessive daytime sleeping - Hallucinations and vivid dreams - Loss of muscle power and tone (cataplexy) - Sleep paralysis and abnormal REM

Question 43

Some causes of narcolepsy.

Answer 43

Hypocretin, genes , stress and evolution

Question 44

What is Freud’s theory of dreaming?

Answer 44

According to Freud, dreams involve symbols that mean something to the dream and need to be analysed by professional to uncover the meaning

Question 45

What is the conscious mind?

Answer 45

What we are aware of

Question 46

What is the pre-conscious mind?

Answer 46

What we make ourselves aware of with some thinking

Question 47

What is the unconscious mind?

Answer 47

Inaccessible parts of our mind that affect our behaviour and feelings (90% of our thinking)

Question 48

What is repression?

Answer 48

Bury our unacceptable, thoughts, wishes, and desires into unconscious mind. This supports the balance of the ego

Question 49

Define ‘Id’.

Answer 49

The part of the personality that is demanding, thoughts such as ‘I want..’. Unconscious wishes and desires are held here

Question 50

Define ‘super ego’.

Answer 50

The part of the personality, that is the conscience, thoughts such as ‘you can’t have that’

Question 51

Define ‘ego’.

Answer 51

The part of the personality that is the reasoning, and makes decisions to balance the Id and superego’s demands

Question 52

Define ‘manifest content’.

Answer 52

The part of the dream that the person tells. It is the content = the things you see in dreams

Question 53

Define ‘latent content’.

Answer 53

The real meaning of the dream, hidden behind the manifest part. It is the latent content that uncovers unconscious thinking and this is what psychoanalysts analyse

Question 54

Define ‘dreamwork’.

Answer 54

The way the mind keeps unconscious thoughts hidden during dreaming. This is to protect the individual

Question 55

What is condensation?

Answer 55

Many ideas appear as one in a dream, so the idea needs unpicking

Question 56

What is displacement?

Answer 56

In a dream, something unimportant seems to be important, shifting attention away from the important thing

Question 57

What is secondary elaboration?

Answer 57

Using would like to use to build a whole story. The mind will add bits to the dream in order for it to make sense. Just get in the way of understanding the latent content

Question 58

Who conducted the little hans theory?

Answer 58

Freud

Question 59

Who created the activation synthesis theory of dreaming?

Answer 59

Hobson and McCarley

Question 60

Define ‘activation’.

Answer 60

Random thoughts in the brain when in REM sleep

Question 61

Define ‘synthesis’.

Answer 61

Part of the brain that puts together, the random thought of the dream