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Psychology > Memory 🧠 > Flashcards

Memory 🧠 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 memory and information processing steps?

A

-input
-encode
-output

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2
Q

Define ‘input’.

A

The sensory information we receive from our environment

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3
Q

Define ‘encode’.

A

Changing information so it can be stored

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4
Q

Define ‘output’.

A

The information we recall, either behaviourally, or verbally

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5
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

What you see

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6
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

What are you hear

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7
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Meaning

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8
Q

What are the three types of encoding?

A

-visual
-acoustic
-semantic

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9
Q

What is storage?

A

Holding information in our memory

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10
Q

What are the features of the short-term memory?

A

-very limited capacity
- retention = seconds
- depends on attention
-immediate retrieval
-forgetting is immediate

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11
Q

What are the features of the long-term memory?

A

-unlimited capacity
-retention= can be permanent if retrieval
-less dependent on attention
-forgetting is gradual

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12
Q

Define ‘coding’.

A

How information is stored

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12
Q

Definite ‘duration’.

A

The length of time information can be stored in the STM and LTM

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13
Q

Define ‘capacity’.

A

The amount of information can be stored in STM and LTM

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14
Q

Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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15
Q

What does the multi-store model of memory suggest?

A

There is three separate memory stores

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16
Q

What are the three memory stores the multi-store model suggests?

A

-sensory memory
-STM
-LTM

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17
Q

What is the coding for the ‘sensory memory’?

A

Senses

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18
Q

What is the capacity for the ‘sensory memory’?

A

Large

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19
Q

What is the duration of the ‘sensory memory’?

A

1/4-1/2 of a second

20
Q

What is the coding for the ‘short term memory’?

A

Mainly acoustic

21
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

The magic 7 (7+-2)

22
Q

What is the duration of the STM?

A

15-30 seconds (can be longer with rehearsal time)

23
Q

What is the coding for the ‘long term memory’?

A

Semantics (deep understanding)

24
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

25
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

“Permanent”

26
Q

What is the STM?

A

A memory stored that is temporary and unlimited

27
Q

What is the LTM?

A

A memory store that holds limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime

28
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

This is when we repeat information until it sticks in our memory

29
Q

What is displacement?

A

This is when the STM becomes full and new information pushes out old information

30
Q

What is interference?

A

This is when new information overwrites old information

31
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Sensory register for visual info, that lasts approximately one second, then decays

32
Q

Which researchers conducted a study to support the capacity of the STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

33
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Memory loss, often through accident, illness, or injury

34
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Unable to learn new information (make new long-term memories)

35
Q

What are some symptoms of anterograde amnesia?

A

-can process STM, but it will not be transferred to LTM
-Old LTM are intact
-cannot form new LTM

36
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of recall of events that happened before brain damage occurred. Sometimes it is just stuff a few weeks before the brain injury they can’t remember but they may be able to remember stuff from a long time ago

37
Q

What are some symptoms of retrograde amnesia?

A

-can be specific to certain events
-May forget themselves or significant other
-is possible to regain some memory

38
Q

What is active reconstruction?

A

Memory is not an exact copy of what we include. It’s an interpretation of reconstruction influenced by schemas

39
Q

What is a schema?

A

A bit of information or knowledge, from previous experience of an event, personal place that influences how we remember new events

40
Q

In what ways can schemas influence our memory?

A

-omissions
-transformations
-familiarisation
-rationalisation

41
Q

Define ‘omissions’.

A

We may leave certain bits of information out

42
Q

Define ‘transformations’.

A

Any details are change to make them more rational (make sense)

43
Q

Define ‘familiarisation’.

A

We change unfamiliar information to fit with our schema

44
Q

Define ‘rationalisation’.

A

We may add extra detail into our recall to give reason for something that may not have fitted the original schema

45
Q

Who invented the theory of reconstructive memory?

A

Bartlett

46
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Psychologist that think human behaviour is best understood by examining the processes or parts that make up that behaviour

47
Q

What is holism?

A

The theory of explaining something as a whole, trying to understand the whole person

Psychology (8 decks)

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