Memory 🧠

Question 1

What are the 3 memory and information processing steps?

Answer 1

-input
-encode
-output

Question 2

Define ‘input’.

Answer 2

The sensory information we receive from our environment

Question 3

Define ‘encode’.

Answer 3

Changing information so it can be stored

Question 4

Define ‘output’.

Answer 4

The information we recall, either behaviourally, or verbally

Question 5

What is visual encoding?

Answer 5

What you see

Question 6

What is acoustic encoding?

Answer 6

What are you hear

Question 7

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 7

Meaning

Question 8

What are the three types of encoding?

Answer 8

-visual
-acoustic
-semantic

Question 9

What is storage?

Answer 9

Holding information in our memory

Question 10

What are the features of the short-term memory?

Answer 10

-very limited capacity
- retention = seconds
- depends on attention
-immediate retrieval
-forgetting is immediate

Question 11

What are the features of the long-term memory?

Answer 11

-unlimited capacity
-retention= can be permanent if retrieval
-less dependent on attention
-forgetting is gradual

Question 12

Define ‘coding’.

Answer 12

How information is stored

Question 12

Definite ‘duration’.

Answer 12

The length of time information can be stored in the STM and LTM

Question 13

Define ‘capacity’.

Answer 13

The amount of information can be stored in STM and LTM

Question 14

Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 14

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 15

What does the multi-store model of memory suggest?

Answer 15

There is three separate memory stores

Question 16

What are the three memory stores the multi-store model suggests?

Answer 16

-sensory memory
-STM
-LTM

Question 17

What is the coding for the ‘sensory memory’?

Answer 17

Senses

Question 18

What is the capacity for the ‘sensory memory’?

Answer 18

Large

Question 19

What is the duration of the ‘sensory memory’?

Answer 19

1/4-1/2 of a second

Question 20

What is the coding for the ‘short term memory’?

Answer 20

Mainly acoustic

Question 21

What is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 21

The magic 7 (7+-2)

Question 22

What is the duration of the STM?

Answer 22

15-30 seconds (can be longer with rehearsal time)

Question 23

What is the coding for the ‘long term memory’?

Answer 23

Semantics (deep understanding)

Question 24

What is the capacity of the LTM?

Answer 24

Unlimited

Question 25

What is the duration of the LTM?

Answer 25

“Permanent”

Question 26

What is the STM?

Answer 26

A memory stored that is temporary and unlimited

Question 27

What is the LTM?

Answer 27

A memory store that holds limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime

Question 28

What is rehearsal?

Answer 28

This is when we repeat information until it sticks in our memory

Question 29

What is displacement?

Answer 29

This is when the STM becomes full and new information pushes out old information

Question 30

What is interference?

Answer 30

This is when new information overwrites old information

Question 31

What is iconic memory?

Answer 31

Sensory register for visual info, that lasts approximately one second, then decays

Question 32

Which researchers conducted a study to support the capacity of the STM?

Answer 32

Peterson and Peterson

Question 33

What is amnesia?

Answer 33

Memory loss, often through accident, illness, or injury

Question 34

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 34

Unable to learn new information (make new long-term memories)

Question 35

What are some symptoms of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 35

-can process STM, but it will not be transferred to LTM -Old LTM are intact -cannot form new LTM

Question 36

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 36

Loss of recall of events that happened before brain damage occurred. Sometimes it is just stuff a few weeks before the brain injury they can’t remember but they may be able to remember stuff from a long time ago

Question 37

What are some symptoms of retrograde amnesia?

Answer 37

-can be specific to certain events -May forget themselves or significant other -is possible to regain some memory

Question 38

What is active reconstruction?

Answer 38

Memory is not an exact copy of what we include. It’s an interpretation of reconstruction influenced by schemas

Question 39

What is a schema?

Answer 39

A bit of information or knowledge, from previous experience of an event, personal place that influences how we remember new events

Question 40

In what ways can schemas influence our memory?

Answer 40

-omissions -transformations -familiarisation -rationalisation

Question 41

Define ‘omissions’.

Answer 41

We may leave certain bits of information out

Question 42

Define ‘transformations’.

Answer 42

Any details are change to make them more rational (make sense)

Question 43

Define ‘familiarisation’.

Answer 43

We change unfamiliar information to fit with our schema

Question 44

Define ‘rationalisation’.

Answer 44

We may add extra detail into our recall to give reason for something that may not have fitted the original schema

Question 45

Who invented the theory of reconstructive memory?

Answer 45

Bartlett

Question 46

What is reductionism?

Answer 46

Psychologist that think human behaviour is best understood by examining the processes or parts that make up that behaviour

Question 47

What is holism?

Answer 47

The theory of explaining something as a whole, trying to understand the whole person