Memory 🧠 Flashcards
What are the 3 memory and information processing steps?
-input
-encode
-output
Define ‘input’.
The sensory information we receive from our environment
Define ‘encode’.
Changing information so it can be stored
Define ‘output’.
The information we recall, either behaviourally, or verbally
What is visual encoding?
What you see
What is acoustic encoding?
What are you hear
What is semantic encoding?
Meaning
What are the three types of encoding?
-visual
-acoustic
-semantic
What is storage?
Holding information in our memory
What are the features of the short-term memory?
-very limited capacity
- retention = seconds
- depends on attention
-immediate retrieval
-forgetting is immediate
What are the features of the long-term memory?
-unlimited capacity
-retention= can be permanent if retrieval
-less dependent on attention
-forgetting is gradual
Define ‘coding’.
How information is stored
Definite ‘duration’.
The length of time information can be stored in the STM and LTM
Define ‘capacity’.
The amount of information can be stored in STM and LTM
Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What does the multi-store model of memory suggest?
There is three separate memory stores
What are the three memory stores the multi-store model suggests?
-sensory memory
-STM
-LTM
What is the coding for the ‘sensory memory’?
Senses
What is the capacity for the ‘sensory memory’?
Large
What is the duration of the ‘sensory memory’?
1/4-1/2 of a second
What is the coding for the ‘short term memory’?
Mainly acoustic
What is the capacity of the STM?
The magic 7 (7+-2)
What is the duration of the STM?
15-30 seconds (can be longer with rehearsal time)
What is the coding for the ‘long term memory’?
Semantics (deep understanding)
What is the capacity of the LTM?
Unlimited
What is the duration of the LTM?
“Permanent”
What is the STM?
A memory stored that is temporary and unlimited
What is the LTM?
A memory store that holds limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime
What is rehearsal?
This is when we repeat information until it sticks in our memory
What is displacement?
This is when the STM becomes full and new information pushes out old information
What is interference?
This is when new information overwrites old information
What is iconic memory?
Sensory register for visual info, that lasts approximately one second, then decays
Which researchers conducted a study to support the capacity of the STM?
Peterson and Peterson
What is amnesia?
Memory loss, often through accident, illness, or injury
What is anterograde amnesia?
Unable to learn new information (make new long-term memories)
What are some symptoms of anterograde amnesia?
-can process STM, but it will not be transferred to LTM
-Old LTM are intact
-cannot form new LTM
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of recall of events that happened before brain damage occurred. Sometimes it is just stuff a few weeks before the brain injury they can’t remember but they may be able to remember stuff from a long time ago
What are some symptoms of retrograde amnesia?
-can be specific to certain events
-May forget themselves or significant other
-is possible to regain some memory
What is active reconstruction?
Memory is not an exact copy of what we include. It’s an interpretation of reconstruction influenced by schemas
What is a schema?
A bit of information or knowledge, from previous experience of an event, personal place that influences how we remember new events
In what ways can schemas influence our memory?
-omissions
-transformations
-familiarisation
-rationalisation
Define ‘omissions’.
We may leave certain bits of information out
Define ‘transformations’.
Any details are change to make them more rational (make sense)
Define ‘familiarisation’.
We change unfamiliar information to fit with our schema
Define ‘rationalisation’.
We may add extra detail into our recall to give reason for something that may not have fitted the original schema
Who invented the theory of reconstructive memory?
Bartlett
What is reductionism?
Psychologist that think human behaviour is best understood by examining the processes or parts that make up that behaviour
What is holism?
The theory of explaining something as a whole, trying to understand the whole person
