Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Criminology > Flashcards

Criminology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is nurture?

A

The behaviour of criminals have been learnt through some kind of experience they’ve had

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning from consequences of actions (reward/punishment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who introduced the idea of reinforcement?

A

Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A reward is a pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When an unpleasant experiences removed. This increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Receiving something unpleasant for behaviour, so we do not do it again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Taking something pleasant away, so we do not repeat the behaviour again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of operant conditioning increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated?

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of operant conditioning reduces the change of behaviour being repeated?

A

Positive and negative punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Something that satisfies a basic biological need, typically food, shelter , clothing etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

They have no survival value yet they become associated with primary impulses e.g Credit card fraud can be used by criminals to buy primary importance, such as food, clothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What supports nurture?

A

The social learning theory believes we learn to commit crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define ‘attention’.

A

For us to learn something, we need to be paying attention to the action and the consequences of the model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define ‘identification’.

A

You see yourself like the person modelling their behaviour (this makes them a role model)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define ‘retention’.

A

For learning to be shown, you have to store the behaviour in your long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define ‘imitate/reproduce.’

A

To be able to imitate the behaviour have you observed you need to think you have the ability to reproduce the behaviour

17
Q

Define ‘motivation’.

A

You’re more likely to imitate if you have the motivation to reproduce it. Either for the pleasure, it brings you or the hope you receive the reward the model gets

18
Q

Define ‘internalisation’.

A

When their behaviour, beliefs and values of the group or role model is adopted

19
Q

What is nature?

A

Criminality is caused by the brain, nervous systems, genes or hormones

20
Q

What supports nature?

A

The biological theory

21
Q

How much DNA do MZ twins share (identical)

A

100%

22
Q

How much DNA do DZ (non-identical) twins share?

A

50%

23
Q

What do adoption study’s suggest about nature?

A

The aggression was inherited from the biological parents

24
Q

What is temperament?

A

The nature someone is born with which affects their behaviour

25
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

Personality trait that shows a lack of empathy towards others

26
Q

What is extroversion?

A

Being outgoing and sociable-they have a nervous system with low arousal, so they need to seek external stimulation

27
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Individuals nervous disposition, if stable an individual is calm and unlikely to overreact. If they are unstable they tend to be highly emotional and more likely to overreact

28
Q

What is recidivism?

A

When defenders punished for their crime, but commit another crime when released

29
Q

What is rehabilitative?

A

A program designed to help offenders rather than punish them

30
Q

What is detention/custody?

A

This is one and offenders placed in a prison, and denied civil liberties, such as freedom and privileges, for a period of time, determined by the court

31
Q

What type of operant conditioning is prison?

A

Positive punishment

32
Q

Define ‘humanitarian’.

A

A concern with the welfare of humans

33
Q

What is community sentencing?

A

When an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison-they will pay back the community by doing jobs, such as removing graffiti

34
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

When a victim and offender meet. It is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime.

35
Q

Why is restorative justice impactful?

A

The impact of the actions and can help them accept responsibility

36
Q
A

Psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions