Criminology Flashcards
What is nurture?
The behaviour of criminals have been learnt through some kind of experience they’ve had
What is operant conditioning?
Learning from consequences of actions (reward/punishment)
Who introduced the idea of reinforcement?
Skinner
What is positive reinforcement?
A reward is a pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated
What is negative reinforcement?
When an unpleasant experiences removed. This increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
What is positive punishment?
Receiving something unpleasant for behaviour, so we do not do it again
What is negative punishment?
Taking something pleasant away, so we do not repeat the behaviour again
What type of operant conditioning increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated?
Positive and negative reinforcement
What type of operant conditioning reduces the change of behaviour being repeated?
Positive and negative punishment
What is a primary reinforcer?
Something that satisfies a basic biological need, typically food, shelter , clothing etc
What is a secondary reinforcer?
They have no survival value yet they become associated with primary impulses e.g Credit card fraud can be used by criminals to buy primary importance, such as food, clothing
What supports nurture?
The social learning theory believes we learn to commit crime
Define ‘attention’.
For us to learn something, we need to be paying attention to the action and the consequences of the model
Define ‘identification’.
You see yourself like the person modelling their behaviour (this makes them a role model)
Define ‘retention’.
For learning to be shown, you have to store the behaviour in your long-term memory
Define ‘imitate/reproduce.’
To be able to imitate the behaviour have you observed you need to think you have the ability to reproduce the behaviour
Define ‘motivation’.
You’re more likely to imitate if you have the motivation to reproduce it. Either for the pleasure, it brings you or the hope you receive the reward the model gets
Define ‘internalisation’.
When their behaviour, beliefs and values of the group or role model is adopted
What is nature?
Criminality is caused by the brain, nervous systems, genes or hormones
What supports nature?
The biological theory
How much DNA do MZ twins share (identical)
100%
How much DNA do DZ (non-identical) twins share?
50%
What do adoption study’s suggest about nature?
The aggression was inherited from the biological parents
What is temperament?
The nature someone is born with which affects their behaviour
What is psychoticism?
Personality trait that shows a lack of empathy towards others
What is extroversion?
Being outgoing and sociable-they have a nervous system with low arousal, so they need to seek external stimulation
What is neuroticism?
Individuals nervous disposition, if stable an individual is calm and unlikely to overreact. If they are unstable they tend to be highly emotional and more likely to overreact
What is recidivism?
When defenders punished for their crime, but commit another crime when released
What is rehabilitative?
A program designed to help offenders rather than punish them
What is detention/custody?
This is one and offenders placed in a prison, and denied civil liberties, such as freedom and privileges, for a period of time, determined by the court
What type of operant conditioning is prison?
Positive punishment
Define ‘humanitarian’.
A concern with the welfare of humans
What is community sentencing?
When an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison-they will pay back the community by doing jobs, such as removing graffiti
What is restorative justice?
When a victim and offender meet. It is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime.
Why is restorative justice impactful?
The impact of the actions and can help them accept responsibility
