Criminology Flashcards
What is nurture?
The behaviour of criminals have been learnt through some kind of experience they’ve had
What is operant conditioning?
Learning from consequences of actions (reward/punishment)
Who introduced the idea of reinforcement?
Skinner
What is positive reinforcement?
A reward is a pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated
What is negative reinforcement?
When an unpleasant experiences removed. This increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
What is positive punishment?
Receiving something unpleasant for behaviour, so we do not do it again
What is negative punishment?
Taking something pleasant away, so we do not repeat the behaviour again
What type of operant conditioning increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated?
Positive and negative reinforcement
What type of operant conditioning reduces the change of behaviour being repeated?
Positive and negative punishment
What is a primary reinforcer?
Something that satisfies a basic biological need, typically food, shelter , clothing etc
What is a secondary reinforcer?
They have no survival value yet they become associated with primary impulses e.g Credit card fraud can be used by criminals to buy primary importance, such as food, clothing
What supports nurture?
The social learning theory believes we learn to commit crime
Define ‘attention’.
For us to learn something, we need to be paying attention to the action and the consequences of the model
Define ‘identification’.
You see yourself like the person modelling their behaviour (this makes them a role model)
Define ‘retention’.
For learning to be shown, you have to store the behaviour in your long-term memory
Define ‘imitate/reproduce.’
To be able to imitate the behaviour have you observed you need to think you have the ability to reproduce the behaviour
Define ‘motivation’.
You’re more likely to imitate if you have the motivation to reproduce it. Either for the pleasure, it brings you or the hope you receive the reward the model gets
Define ‘internalisation’.
When their behaviour, beliefs and values of the group or role model is adopted
What is nature?
Criminality is caused by the brain, nervous systems, genes or hormones
What supports nature?
The biological theory
How much DNA do MZ twins share (identical)
100%
How much DNA do DZ (non-identical) twins share?
50%
What do adoption study’s suggest about nature?
The aggression was inherited from the biological parents
What is temperament?
The nature someone is born with which affects their behaviour
