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Psychology > Criminology > Flashcards

Criminology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nurture?

A

The behaviour of criminals have been learnt through some kind of experience they’ve had

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2
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning from consequences of actions (reward/punishment)

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3
Q

Who introduced the idea of reinforcement?

A

Skinner

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4
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A reward is a pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

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5
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When an unpleasant experiences removed. This increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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6
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Receiving something unpleasant for behaviour, so we do not do it again

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7
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Taking something pleasant away, so we do not repeat the behaviour again

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8
Q

What type of operant conditioning increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated?

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

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9
Q

What type of operant conditioning reduces the change of behaviour being repeated?

A

Positive and negative punishment

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10
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Something that satisfies a basic biological need, typically food, shelter , clothing etc

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11
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

They have no survival value yet they become associated with primary impulses e.g Credit card fraud can be used by criminals to buy primary importance, such as food, clothing

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12
Q

What supports nurture?

A

The social learning theory believes we learn to commit crime

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13
Q

Define ‘attention’.

A

For us to learn something, we need to be paying attention to the action and the consequences of the model

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14
Q

Define ‘identification’.

A

You see yourself like the person modelling their behaviour (this makes them a role model)

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15
Q

Define ‘retention’.

A

For learning to be shown, you have to store the behaviour in your long-term memory

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16
Q

Define ‘imitate/reproduce.’

A

To be able to imitate the behaviour have you observed you need to think you have the ability to reproduce the behaviour

17
Q

Define ‘motivation’.

A

You’re more likely to imitate if you have the motivation to reproduce it. Either for the pleasure, it brings you or the hope you receive the reward the model gets

18
Q

Define ‘internalisation’.

A

When their behaviour, beliefs and values of the group or role model is adopted

19
Q

What is nature?

A

Criminality is caused by the brain, nervous systems, genes or hormones

20
Q

What supports nature?

A

The biological theory

21
Q

How much DNA do MZ twins share (identical)

A

100%

22
Q

How much DNA do DZ (non-identical) twins share?

A

50%

23
Q

What do adoption study’s suggest about nature?

A

The aggression was inherited from the biological parents

24
Q

What is temperament?

A

The nature someone is born with which affects their behaviour

25
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

Personality trait that shows a lack of empathy towards others

26
Q

What is extroversion?

A

Being outgoing and sociable-they have a nervous system with low arousal, so they need to seek external stimulation

27
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Individuals nervous disposition, if stable an individual is calm and unlikely to overreact. If they are unstable they tend to be highly emotional and more likely to overreact

28
Q

What is recidivism?

A

When defenders punished for their crime, but commit another crime when released

29
Q

What is rehabilitative?

A

A program designed to help offenders rather than punish them

30
Q

What is detention/custody?

A

This is one and offenders placed in a prison, and denied civil liberties, such as freedom and privileges, for a period of time, determined by the court

31
Q

What type of operant conditioning is prison?

A

Positive punishment

32
Q

Define ‘humanitarian’.

A

A concern with the welfare of humans

33
Q

What is community sentencing?

A

When an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison-they will pay back the community by doing jobs, such as removing graffiti

34
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

When a victim and offender meet. It is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime.

35
Q

Why is restorative justice impactful?

A

The impact of the actions and can help them accept responsibility

36
Q
A

Psychology (8 decks)

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