Sleep

Question 1

Dreaming- Freud - Manifest Content

Answer 1

Symbolic versions of underlying latent content–> unconsious drives and wishes difficult to express

Question 2

Activation- Synthesis Theory

Answer 2

Dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM slep

Question 3

Sleep Dyssomnias

Answer 3

Abnormalities in amnt, quality, or timing of sleep- to stay asleep, fall asleep, avoid sleep. 1. Insomnia- Difficulty falling or staying asleep. 2. Narcolepsy- Periodic overwhelming sleepiness during wake periods. Cataplexy- loss of muscle cotrol and sudden intrusion of REM during wakeful hours. 4. Sleep paralysis- Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake. 5. Sleep apnea- Intermittently stop breathing- could be d/t obstruction or central nervous system

Question 4

parasomnias

Answer 4

Abnormal behaviors occuring during sleep. 1. sonambulism- sleep walking (stage 3) Night terrors- stage 3- sit up walk babble, terrified but no recall in am.

Question 5

Consciousness Altering Drugs

Answer 5

Depressants stimulants halucinogens

Question 6

Depressants

Answer 6

Alcohol, barbiuates and opiates. Alcohol- stimulates GABA and dopamine systems. GABA inhib NT- reduced anxiety. Dopamine - minor euphoria.

Question 7

Stimulants

Answer 7

Caffience, Nicotine, Coocaine and Amphetamines increase relaease of NT and or reduce uptake.

Question 8

Halucinogens

Answer 8

LSD and Marijuana

Question 9

Addiction is biologically based- dopamine circuits in brainstem-

Answer 9

nucleus accumbens

Question 10

Theories of Emotion- James Lange

Answer 10

Emotional experience is a result of physiological and behavioral actions

Question 11

Cannon - Bard

Answer 11

Physiological and cognitive occur simultaneously and independently = leading to behavioral rxn and consious emotion

Question 12

Schachter - Singer Theory

Answer 12

Physiological Response –> Consious Cognitive Interpretation–> Labeling Emotion and behavioral response

Question 13

BF skinners Behaviorist Model

Answer 13

Language development theory that explains how infants are trained by operant conditioning

Question 14

Noam Chomsky and his Language Acquisition Device

Answer 14

Humans have innate ability to make grammatical distinctions naturally when exposed to language at a young age

Question 15

Brocas Aphasia

Answer 15

Expressive aphasia - lost ability to speak. Brocas area= Inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe (L hemisphere)

Question 16

Wernickes Area

Answer 16

Comprehension of speech and written language. Wernickes aphasia is receptive aphasia . Dont have a problem producing speech, but are incapable of producing intelligable meaningful language

Question 17

Conformation Bias

Answer 17

Tendency to focus on info that fits individuals beliefs, rejecting info that goes against this leads to overconfidence.

Question 18

Intuition

Answer 18

Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence . this leads to recognition primed decision model. Sorting through extensive info to match a pattern.

Question 19

IQ equation

Answer 19

Mental age/ chronological age x 100

Question 20

Pragmatics

Answer 20

Dependence of language on context and pre exisiting knowledge. The manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship to that audience. Also affected by prosody ( the rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices)

Question 21

Arousal Theory

Answer 21

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal. The Yerkes Dodson Law= U shaped function

Question 22

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 22

Motivation based on eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 23

Drive

Answer 23

Internal state of tension that activates particular behaviors focused on goals. Create an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state

Question 24

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 24

Physiological, Safety, Love/ Belonging, Esteem, and Self actualization

Question 25

Incentive Theory

Answer 25

Explains that behavior is not motivated by need or arousal , but desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 26

Expectancy Value Theory

Answer 26

Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the resultant of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values at succeeding at that goa

Question 27

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 27

Explains continuous drug use. Withdrawal. Explains tolerance- decrease in perceived drug effect overtime

Question 28

3 Elements of emotion

Answer 28

1. Physiological response- feeling arousal is stimulated by symp nervous system. 2. Behavioral response- facial expressions and body language. 3. Cognitive response- subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.

Question 29

I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high

Answer 29

James Lange

Question 30

I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy

Answer 30

Schachter Singer Theory of Emotion