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Nicole mcat > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Made up of amino acids, Adh, insulin. Activated in golgi, charged cant pass through membranes so need a receptor. Peptide hormone= first messenter, second signal due to hormone is second messenger

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2
Q

Common second messengers

A

cAMP, IP3, Calcium

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3
Q

Effects of peptide hormones

A

rapid but short lived. Gnerally water soluble, peptide hormones do not require carriers

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

From cholesterol, produced by gonads and adrenal cortex. Nonpolar, can cross cell membrane . Receptors usually in cytosol or nucleus. Upon binding, complex undergoes configuational change can bind DNA.

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5
Q

Steroid Hormone Effect

A

Slower but longer lived than peptide hormones because they alter the amount of mRNA and protein present in the cell. They are not water soluble so they need a carrier to travel around the body

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6
Q

Amino Acid Hormones

A

Epi, norepi, triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Catecholamines (epi and nor epi are going to bind to G protein) thyroid hormones will bind intracellularly.

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7
Q

Direct hormones

A

secreted and act directly on a target tissue

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8
Q

triphic hormones

A

req intermediary usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary.

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

bridge between endocrine and nervous system. linked inextricably to the pituitary.

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10
Q

Released by Hypo (A) Released by Anterior Pit (B)

A- Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

B FSH and LH

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11
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone is released by hypothalamus

A

triggers GH to be secreted by A. Pit.

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12
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone secreted by hypothalamus triggers release of

A

TSH thyroid stimulating hormone in A. Pit.

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13
Q

Corticotropin releasing factor is secreted by hypothalamus. this stimulates the anterior pituitary to relase

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

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14
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor released by hypothalamus stimulates

A

a decrease in prolactin secretion by anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Interactions of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

Neurons of pituitary stalk stimulate relase of oxytocin and ADH.

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16
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk production

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17
Q

ADH

A

vaso pression- increases reabsorption of water in cd. is released when there is increased plasma osmolarity or increased solute concentration in the blood

18
Q

Paracrine

A

Regional extracellular fluid (cells communicate through ) cells are in proximity or space between

19
Q

How does insulin function

A

rise in blood sugar triggers release of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by tissues and decrease blood sugar.

20
Q

glucagon

A

low blood sugar stimulates relase of glucagon and then glycogenolysis to increase blood sugar

21
Q

insulin is released by

A

pancreatic beta cells

22
Q

glucagon is released by

A

alpha pancreatic cells

23
Q

Type I diabetes

A

destroyed beta cells of islets of langerhan

24
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Insensitive to INsulin.

25
Q

Epinephrine

A

Catecolamine released from adrenal medulla , sympathetic nervous system, promotes glycogenolysis and fatty acid release from adipose tissue

26
Q

Thyroxine T4

A

T3 is active version. All about the number of iodine. Promotoes glycogenolysis and sugar absorbtion by intestines

27
Q

Calcium is controlled by thyroid and parathyroid

A

Thyroid produces calcitonin. Parathyroids produce parathyroid hormone.

28
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases blood pressure

29
Q

Angiotensinogen is secreted by the

A

liver

30
Q

Renin is secreted by the

A

kidney

31
Q

Renin cleaves angiotensionogen

A

angiotensin I

32
Q

Angiotensin I is made into angiotensin 2 via

A

ACE

33
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

34
Q

Aldosterone allows the body to

A

reabsorb Na+ water follows and this increases bp

35
Q

Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT. FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

36
Q

Direct hormones of anterior pituitary

A

PEG- Prolactin, Endorphins, GH

37
Q

FSH leads to

A

estrogen, essential for female development and reproduction

38
Q

LH leads to

A

progesterone, helps the uterus develop for fertility (endometrium) when LH spikes it causes ovulation.

39
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion. stimulated by increase blood glucose and amino acids. produced by hypothalamus, function is to decrease growth hormone secretion

40
Q

Kidneys produce

A

erythropoietin

41
Q

Heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide to regulate salt and water balance. when cells in atria are stretched from increased blood volume, anp is relased. it promotes sodium excretion so it increased urine volume.

Nicole mcat (23 decks)

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