Chapter 6 Identity and Personality

Question 1

Self Concept

Answer 1

Who am I? How we define ourselves= self schema. A self schema is a label with a set of qualities

Question 2

Identity

Answer 2

Individual components of self concept related to teh groups to which we belong

Question 3

Types of Identity

Answer 3

Gender, Androgyny, Undifferentiated

Question 4

Ethnic Identity

Answer 4

Ethnic group (share comon ancestry, heritage and language) We are born into this

Question 5

Nationality

Answer 5

Political borders, shared history media nad cuisine, flag

Question 6

Hierarcy of salience

Answer 6

Most noticeable or importance- how our identity is organized we let the situation dictate what identity holds most importance. The more salient the identity the more we conform

Question 7

Self Discrepency Theory

Answer 7

Involves Self concept. Made up of three parts, the closer the three the higher our self esteem or worth. 1. Acutal self- the way we see ourselves. 2. Ideal self- who we’d like to be. 3. Ought self- our representation of the way others think we should be

Question 8

Self esteem

Answer 8

How we feel about ourselves

Question 9

Self efficacy

Answer 9

Belief in ability to succeed

Question 10

Over confidence involves

Answer 10

high self efficacy

Question 11

Learned Helplessness

Answer 11

A state of hopeelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli, a model of depression

Question 12

Locus of Control

Answer 12

The way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal Locus of control- you control your own fate. External Locus of control- events in life are luck or happen due to outside influences

Question 13

Freud Psychosexual Development Basics

Answer 13

Libido is present at birth and there are 5 stages, fixation occurs when child is overly indulged or frustrated during a a stage of development which results in a personality pattern based on that stage could lead to neurosis

Question 14

Stages of Freud Psychosexual Development

Answer 14

1 Oral (0-1 year) Object in mouth- fixation @ stage leads to excessive dependency. 2. Anal (1-3 yrs) Fixation at this stage means excessive orderliness or sloppiness. 3 Phallic/ Oedipal (3-5 yrs) Males- Oedipal conflict- competes with dad for mom, feels guilty about it so identifies with dad. Female = electra- opposite. 4. Latency- lasts until puberty. 5. Genital- Puberty to adult= if previous stages have been resolved-> heterosexual relationships.

Question 15

Erikson Psychosocial Development

Answer 15

Possible to fail at resolving central conflict at any stage but you can still move on.

Question 16

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 16

1 Trust Vs Mistrust (0-1 yr) 2. Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs) Fav outcome: exert control and exercise choice, an unfavorable outcome is to display doubt and a persistant external locus of control. 3. Initiative vs guilt (3-6 yrs) Favorable- you have a sense of purpose, initiative, and enjoy accomplistments. unfavorable is fear of punishment. 4. Industry vs inferiority (6-12 yrs) favorable is competance. unfavorable is inadequacy and low self esteem. 5. Identity vs role confusion (12-20 yrs) Physiological revolution stage, favorable is fidelity (strict observance of promises) identify as a unique person. unfavorable is confusion and an amorphous personality. 6. Young adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation. Favorable is love, unfavorable is alienation, withdrawn, emotionally capable of superficial relationships. 7. Generativity Vs stagnation (40-65) Favorable- productive loving, caring, contribute, unfavorable self centered self indulgent, bored. 8. Integrity Vs Despair (65+) Favorable- wisdom, detached concern with life itself with assurance in meaning of life, dignity. unfavorable life was worthless, fear of death

Question 17

Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning- Focuses on development of moral thinking.

Answer 17

1. Preconventional Morality- Preadolescent thinking with consequence Stage 1. Obedience- avoid punishment Stage 2- Self interest- gaining rewards it is based on reciprocity and sharing. 2. Conventional Morality- Early adolescence- see yourself as relationships with others. Stage 3- Conformity- Seeking approval of others. Stage 4- Law and Order- Maintains social order in the highest regard. 3. Post conventional Morality- Stage 5- Social contract- moral rules designed to ensure greater good, focused on individual rights. Stage 6- Universal human ethics- Decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles.

Question 18

Vygotsky- Cultural and biosocial development

Answer 18

Cognitive development - zone of proximal development- skills and abilities that have not fully developed, but are in process of development, requires a more knowledgeable other

Question 19

Reference group

Answer 19

group to which we compare ourselves to for a given identity

Question 20

Personality

Answer 20

Set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors characteristic of an individual across time, different locations.

Question 21

The psychoanalytic perspective of personality

Answer 21

Commonly assume that unconsious internal states motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

Question 22

Sigmund Freud Personality Id, Ego, Superego

Answer 22

Id- basic primal , inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Functions toward pleasure principle, aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. Primary process is ids response to frustration- want to obtain satisfction now and not later. wishfulfillment- Mental imagery that fulfills need for satisfaction.
Ego- Operates according to reality principle, takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and ids pleasure principle- mutual give and take of teh ego with reality promotes growth of perception, memory, problem- solving, thinking and reality testing. receives power and depends on the Id.
3. Superego- Personality perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride @ accomplishments and guilt at our failures.

Question 23

Defense mechanisms

Answer 23

egos recourse for reliving anxiety caused by clash of id and superego. deny falsify and distort reality, they operate unconsiously

Question 24

Defense Mechanism- Repression

Answer 24

Ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to teh unconsious “unconsious forgetting”

Question 25

Defense Mechanism- Suppression

Answer 25

Deliberate consious form of forgetting

Question 26

Defense Mechanism- Regression

Answer 26

Reversion to an earlier developmental state

Question 27

Defense Mechanism- Reaction Formation

Answer 27

when individuals suppress urges by unconsioulsy converting them into exact opposites

Question 28

Defense Mechanism- Projection

Answer 28

Defense Mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others- Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test

Question 29

Defense Mechanism- Rationalization

Answer 29

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

Question 30

Defense Mechanism- Displacement

Answer 30

Transference of an undesired urge from 1 person or object to another

Question 31

Defense Mechanism- Sublimation

Answer 31

Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

Question 32

Carl Jung

Answer 32

Ego= conscious mind, Unconscious (personal and collective)

Question 33

Jung Archetypes

Answer 33

Persona- personality we present to the world. Anima (feminine, suppressef female quality in males that explains emotional behavior) Animus= women’s inner man. Shadow- Responsible for appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in our consciousness Self= mandala- point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind

Question 34

Jung- 3 Dichotomies of Personality

Answer 34

Extroversion Vs Introversion. Sensing Vs. Intuiting . Thinking Vs Feeling. Judging Vs Perceiving

Question 35

Alfred Adler= Inferiority Complex

Answer 35

Individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority physically and socially. Creative self- Force by which each individual shapes uniqueness and establishes personality. Style of life- Manifestation of the creative self + describes a persons unique way of achieving superiority. Fictional Finalism- Motivated by future expectations rather than past experiences.

Question 36

Karen Horney

Answer 36

Basic anxiety- Inadequate parenting–> Vulnerablity and helplessness. Basic Hostility= Rejection and neglect

Question 37

The Humanist Perspective

Answer 37

Focuses on the value of individuals and takes a more person centered approach, Gestalt therapy- take a holisitc view of self and the whole person.

Question 38

Maslow

Answer 38

Self actualized people are more likely to have peak experiences (deeply moving experiences)

Question 39

Social Cognitive Perspective

Answer 39

How we interact with environment. Albert Bandura- Reciprocal Determinism= Refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions