Chapter 6 Identity and Personality Flashcards
Self Concept
Who am I? How we define ourselves= self schema. A self schema is a label with a set of qualities
Identity
Individual components of self concept related to teh groups to which we belong
Types of Identity
Gender, Androgyny, Undifferentiated
Ethnic Identity
Ethnic group (share comon ancestry, heritage and language) We are born into this
Nationality
Political borders, shared history media nad cuisine, flag
Hierarcy of salience
Most noticeable or importance- how our identity is organized we let the situation dictate what identity holds most importance. The more salient the identity the more we conform
Self Discrepency Theory
Involves Self concept. Made up of three parts, the closer the three the higher our self esteem or worth. 1. Acutal self- the way we see ourselves. 2. Ideal self- who we’d like to be. 3. Ought self- our representation of the way others think we should be
Self esteem
How we feel about ourselves
Self efficacy
Belief in ability to succeed
Over confidence involves
high self efficacy
Learned Helplessness
A state of hopeelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli, a model of depression
Locus of Control
The way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal Locus of control- you control your own fate. External Locus of control- events in life are luck or happen due to outside influences
Freud Psychosexual Development Basics
Libido is present at birth and there are 5 stages, fixation occurs when child is overly indulged or frustrated during a a stage of development which results in a personality pattern based on that stage could lead to neurosis
Stages of Freud Psychosexual Development
1 Oral (0-1 year) Object in mouth- fixation @ stage leads to excessive dependency. 2. Anal (1-3 yrs) Fixation at this stage means excessive orderliness or sloppiness. 3 Phallic/ Oedipal (3-5 yrs) Males- Oedipal conflict- competes with dad for mom, feels guilty about it so identifies with dad. Female = electra- opposite. 4. Latency- lasts until puberty. 5. Genital- Puberty to adult= if previous stages have been resolved-> heterosexual relationships.
Erikson Psychosocial Development
Possible to fail at resolving central conflict at any stage but you can still move on.
Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
1 Trust Vs Mistrust (0-1 yr) 2. Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs) Fav outcome: exert control and exercise choice, an unfavorable outcome is to display doubt and a persistant external locus of control. 3. Initiative vs guilt (3-6 yrs) Favorable- you have a sense of purpose, initiative, and enjoy accomplistments. unfavorable is fear of punishment. 4. Industry vs inferiority (6-12 yrs) favorable is competance. unfavorable is inadequacy and low self esteem. 5. Identity vs role confusion (12-20 yrs) Physiological revolution stage, favorable is fidelity (strict observance of promises) identify as a unique person. unfavorable is confusion and an amorphous personality. 6. Young adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation. Favorable is love, unfavorable is alienation, withdrawn, emotionally capable of superficial relationships. 7. Generativity Vs stagnation (40-65) Favorable- productive loving, caring, contribute, unfavorable self centered self indulgent, bored. 8. Integrity Vs Despair (65+) Favorable- wisdom, detached concern with life itself with assurance in meaning of life, dignity. unfavorable life was worthless, fear of death
Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning- Focuses on development of moral thinking.
- Preconventional Morality- Preadolescent thinking with consequence Stage 1. Obedience- avoid punishment Stage 2- Self interest- gaining rewards it is based on reciprocity and sharing. 2. Conventional Morality- Early adolescence- see yourself as relationships with others. Stage 3- Conformity- Seeking approval of others. Stage 4- Law and Order- Maintains social order in the highest regard. 3. Post conventional Morality- Stage 5- Social contract- moral rules designed to ensure greater good, focused on individual rights. Stage 6- Universal human ethics- Decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles.
Vygotsky- Cultural and biosocial development
Cognitive development - zone of proximal development- skills and abilities that have not fully developed, but are in process of development, requires a more knowledgeable other
Reference group
group to which we compare ourselves to for a given identity
Personality
Set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors characteristic of an individual across time, different locations.
The psychoanalytic perspective of personality
Commonly assume that unconsious internal states motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
Sigmund Freud Personality Id, Ego, Superego
Id- basic primal , inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Functions toward pleasure principle, aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. Primary process is ids response to frustration- want to obtain satisfction now and not later. wishfulfillment- Mental imagery that fulfills need for satisfaction.
Ego- Operates according to reality principle, takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and ids pleasure principle- mutual give and take of teh ego with reality promotes growth of perception, memory, problem- solving, thinking and reality testing. receives power and depends on the Id.
3. Superego- Personality perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride @ accomplishments and guilt at our failures.
Defense mechanisms
egos recourse for reliving anxiety caused by clash of id and superego. deny falsify and distort reality, they operate unconsiously
Defense Mechanism- Repression
Ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to teh unconsious “unconsious forgetting”
Defense Mechanism- Suppression
Deliberate consious form of forgetting
Defense Mechanism- Regression
Reversion to an earlier developmental state
Defense Mechanism- Reaction Formation
when individuals suppress urges by unconsioulsy converting them into exact opposites
Defense Mechanism- Projection
Defense Mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others- Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test
Defense Mechanism- Rationalization
Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society
Defense Mechanism- Displacement
Transference of an undesired urge from 1 person or object to another
Defense Mechanism- Sublimation
Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Carl Jung
Ego= conscious mind, Unconscious (personal and collective)
Jung Archetypes
Persona- personality we present to the world. Anima (feminine, suppressef female quality in males that explains emotional behavior) Animus= women’s inner man. Shadow- Responsible for appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in our consciousness Self= mandala- point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind
Jung- 3 Dichotomies of Personality
Extroversion Vs Introversion. Sensing Vs. Intuiting . Thinking Vs Feeling. Judging Vs Perceiving
Alfred Adler= Inferiority Complex
Individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority physically and socially. Creative self- Force by which each individual shapes uniqueness and establishes personality. Style of life- Manifestation of the creative self + describes a persons unique way of achieving superiority. Fictional Finalism- Motivated by future expectations rather than past experiences.
Karen Horney
Basic anxiety- Inadequate parenting–> Vulnerablity and helplessness. Basic Hostility= Rejection and neglect
The Humanist Perspective
Focuses on the value of individuals and takes a more person centered approach, Gestalt therapy- take a holisitc view of self and the whole person.
Maslow
Self actualized people are more likely to have peak experiences (deeply moving experiences)
Social Cognitive Perspective
How we interact with environment. Albert Bandura- Reciprocal Determinism= Refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
