BIOCHEM

Question 1

Glycolysis Rate Limiting Enzyme

Answer 1

PFK 1

Question 2

Glycogenesis Rate Limiting Enzyme

Answer 2

Glycogensynthase

Question 3

Glycogenolysis Rate Limiting Enzyme

Answer 3

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Question 4

Gluconeogenesis Rate Limiting Enzyme

Answer 4

Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate

Question 5

PPP Rate Limiting Enzyme

Answer 5

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 6

Citric Acid Cycle- Krebs- TCA Cycle Location & Main Function

Answer 6

Mito matrix. Purpose: Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 and water. Produces NADH and FADH2.
* Doesnt require O2 but wont occur anaerobically because NADH and FADH2 will inhibit

Question 7

Acetyl Co-A

Answer 7

Contains High energy thioester bond used to drive other rxns upon hydrolysis

Question 8

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex location and enzymes

Answer 8

Mitochondrial Matrix
1- Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA ( pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydropropyl transacetylase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)
2 Regualtion of PDH ( pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase)

Question 9

In the PDH complex, PDH oxidizes ___ to create CO2. it Requires ___ and ____

Answer 9

Pyruvate TPP and Mg2+

Question 10

In the PDH complex, dihydropropyl transacetylase oxidizes ____ using lipoic acid. It transfers the resulting acetyl group to coA

Answer 10

remaining two c molecule

Question 11

In the PDH complex, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase uses ____ to reoxidize lipoic acid forming ______ which can later transfer e- to NAD+ , forming NADH that can go into ETC

Answer 11

FAD, FAD2

Question 12

PDH complex:

PDH kinase phosphorylates PDH when ___ and ___ are high to turn it off.

Answer 12

ATP or Acetyl CoA

Question 13

PDH complex:

PDH phosphatase dephosphorylates PDH when ____ is high to turn it on

Answer 13

ADP

Question 14

5 Ways Acetyl CoA can be produced

Answer 14

Glycolysis- PDH complex
Fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation)
Amino Acid Catabolism
Ketones
Alcohol

Question 15

Glycolysis:

Glucose —-> Glucose 6 Phosphate

Answer 15

Enzyme: Hexokinase ( in peripheral tissue) Glucokinase (in liver, insulin responsive). ATP consumed. Mg2 cofactor, Irreversible (traps glucose in the cell)

Question 16

Glycolysis:

Glucose 6P—-> Fructose 6-P

Answer 16

Isomerase

Question 17

Glycolysis:

Fructose 6P—–> Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate

Answer 17

PFK 2. Insulin up regulates and Glucagon decreases. PFK 2 stimulates PFK1 and ATP is consumed

Question 18

Glycolysis:

Fructose 6P—-> Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Answer 18

PFK-1 (upregulated by PFK2 and AMP). Downregulated by ATP and Citrate. ATP is consumed, irreversible and RATE LIMITING STEP

Question 19

Glycolysis

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate —> x2

Answer 19

Either Glyceraldehyde 3-P or Dihydroxyacetone - P (DHAP)

Question 20

Glycolysis:

Glyceraldehyde 3-P —-> 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 20

Glyceraldehyde 3- Phosphate dehydrogenase, adds a phosphate, catalyses oxidation. NAD+ is reduced to NADH which can then go into ETC if oxygen is present

Question 21

Glycolysis :

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate —-> 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 21

Occurs in the Red blood cells. Enzyme is bisphosphoglycerate mutase.. a mutase can move one functional group from 1 position to another. The net here is 2 ATP/ glucose. RBC have anaerobic glycolysis only, no mitochondria. HBA = decreasing affinity for o2 and unloading in tissues

Question 22

Glycolysis:

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate—-> 3 Phosphoglycerate

Answer 22

3 PK (3 phosphoglycerate kinase) * ATP is produced and example of substrate level phosphorylation (not o2 dependent)

Question 23

Glycolysis:

SUbstrate level phosphorylation enzyme

Answer 23

3 phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

Question 24

Glycolysis:

3 phosphoglycerate —-> 2 phosphoglycerate

Answer 24

Mutase

Question 25

Glycolysis

2 phosphoglycerate —-> PEP

Answer 25

Enolase

Question 26

Glycolysis:

PEP—–> Pyruvate

Answer 26

Pyruvate kinase is enzyme. Activated by Fructose 1,6 BP. ATP and substrate level phosphorylation. Irreversible

Question 27

Glycolysis:

DHAP- dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Answer 27

Used in hepatic and adipose tissue for triacylglycerol synthesis, formed from F 1,6 BP, Can be isomerized to glycerol 3-P to be converted to glycerol

Question 28

3 Irreverible enzymes of Glycolysis

Answer 28

Gluco/hexokinase,
PFK
Pyruvate kinase

Question 29

During glycolysis, if oxygen or mitochondria are absent NADH is oxidized by

Answer 29

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 30

Physiological changes that promote right shift of oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 30

Increased 2,3 BPG, low pH, Exercise, High pCO2.

Question 31

Three traits of amino acids

Answer 31

Non polar, non aromatic, non polar