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Cogs 107A > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

0
Q

Bigger amplitude = ____________ synchrony

A

More

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1
Q

Pyramidal cells generate a bigger signal than most other cortical cells because…

A

They are bigger and longer than most cortical cells, have a longer axon, so they produce a bigger signal

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2
Q

Magnetic fields (MEG) is better at spatial I for because….

A

The current goes into and out of the brain in a loop, giving ,ore feedback

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3
Q

MEG and EEGs are ___________ measure of neuronal activity. This means they look at….?

A

Direct

Look at the actual firing of action potentials

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4
Q

8-13 Hz: ____________ waves. What kind of state is this?

A

Alpha

Quiet but wakeful state

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5
Q

In sleep, the slow rhythms are self-generated by the…?

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

30-80 Hz=____________ rhythms, which is defined as…?

A

gamma

Defined as a burst of activity

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7
Q

Alpha rhythms are seen in which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 1: non-REM

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8
Q

Beta rhythms are in which stages of sleep?

A

NonREM stages 1 and 2

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9
Q

How long do REM cycles last?

A

30 min. Longer ones 30-50 min.

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10
Q

New article: about cleaning up bi-products in the brain

A

Housekeeping!

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11
Q

When you have nights of sleep without REM, there is a _____________ effect, explain.

A

Rebound. You enter ReM much more quickly.

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12
Q

What are the side-effects of not having any REM sleep?

A

None! No psychological side effects. Why? We don’t know.

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13
Q

What is one thing REM might contribute to?

A

Consolidation of memories. Deprivation of REM can impair learning new tasks.

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14
Q

What initiate non-REM?

A

General decrease in firing rates of modulatory brain stem neurons

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15
Q

What is the “brain clock”?

A

The superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of rhythms?

A

Ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual.

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17
Q

The ultradian cycle is also referred to as…?

A

Basic rest-activity cycle

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18
Q

The Circadian rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

The sleep-wake cycle

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19
Q

The infradian rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

The menstrual cycle

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20
Q

The circannual rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

Annual breeding cycles

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21
Q

What is unihemispheric slow-wave sleep? Which species of animals do this?

A

When either the right side or left side is asleep (never both). Dolphins do this.

22
Q

All sensory input goes through…

A

The thalamus

23
Q

What is the one sensation that does NOT travel through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

24
Q

Cortical-cortical signals have ______________ circuits.

A

Triangular

25
Q

What does the thalamus do for the cortex?

A

Serves as a gateway filter. It filters what you will pay attention to.

26
Q

What makes the thalamus sensitive to behavioral states (sleepiness, emotional, etc)

A

Bio genie amines

27
Q

Info flow in the thalamus is controlled by…
1.
2.

A
  1. Behavioral state

2. Cortex

28
Q

How does the cortex control the thalamus?

A

By sending a larger number of feedback signals to the thalamus than forward signals from the thalamus

29
Q

Cortex feedback is how many times greater than thalamus feed forward?

A

10 X

30
Q

The thalamus is subdivided for sensory inputs. How are these subdivisions organized? And where does integration of these inputs happen?

A

Parallel. And integration happens in the cortex.

31
Q

How/why does the thalamus have a lateral inhibitory network?

A

When you are processing vision, the other senses are inhibited. This explains how the gateway filter works.

32
Q

The thalamus sends output to which layer in the cortex?

A

IV

33
Q

From which layer in the cortex does the thalamus receive feedback?

A

VI

34
Q

All sensory input is relayed to the cortex with what protein? Is it excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Glutamate (and some GABA). All excitatory.

35
Q

Feedback to the thalamus uses what protein? Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

GABA, inhibitory.

37
Q

What is happening in regards to the thalamus in psychotic states?

A

The filter is either deficient or absent entirely, which floods the cortex with information. The cortex gets overwhelmed.

38
Q

What are the 4 proteins involved in the fruit fly clock?

A

CLOCK, CYCLE, TIM, and PER

39
Q

2 proteins _____ and ______ bind and increase production of _____ and ______ – which accumulate over several hours

A

2 proteins CLOCK and CYCLE bind and increase production of PER and TIM – which accumulate over several hours

40
Q

When enough PER and TIM are made, they inactivate which complex?

A

Clock-Cycle

41
Q

What at night advances the clock-cycle rhythm in the fruit fly clock?

A

bright light

42
Q

What are some qualities of REM sleep?

A
  • EEG similar to wake
  • no movement
  • dreaming
  • hard to easily arouse
  • 20% of sleep time
43
Q

What are some qualities of Non-REM sleep?

A
  • slow EEG
  • muscular activity
  • dreams rare
  • easily awakened
  • 80% of sleep time
44
Q

Stage 4 only occurs within…

A

first 2 hours

45
Q

If you get woke up before stage 4 you don’t get…

A

deep sleep

46
Q

What is the relationship between stage 4 and REM sleep?

A

Inverse

47
Q

amount of time in slow wave and REM sleep ____ with age

A

decreases

48
Q

thalamic subnuclei ___ information flow

A

segregates

49
Q

feedback from cortex arises in

A

layer V

50
Q

_____ efferents (From cortex to spinal cord) bypass thalamus

A

motor

51
Q

What are the two ways thalamic relay neurons fire?

A

Tonic (Single spike/relay mode) & Phasic/Burst (Multiple spike mode)

52
Q

Lack of orexin in the brain results in what kind of sleep disorder?

A

narcolepsy

53
Q

REM is regulated by ______ and ______

A

5-HT and ACh

Cogs 107A (6 decks)

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