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Cogs 107A > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Which component is necessary for representations of the actual position of the body segments?

A

Somatosensory system

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2
Q

Which component is necessary for representations of the desired position of the body segments in time?

A

Pre-motor cortex

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3
Q

Which system allows you to learn to do complicated movements?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

Which system is responsible for reinforcement learning?

A

Basal Ganglia

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5
Q

Which area is also known as the execution system?

A

Pre motor cortex

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6
Q

Where is the homonculus map generally located?

A

The motor cortex

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7
Q

Which area does the planning?

A

Pre-motor cortex

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8
Q

Damage to the pre-motor cortex leads to… (2 things)

A

Complex motor coordination defecits,

and possibly anogsonosia (loss of awareness)

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9
Q

Which area is associated with guidance of movement?

A

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

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10
Q

The basal ganglia is made up of what 5 areas?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
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11
Q

Which 2 parts make up the striatum?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

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12
Q

What is the main input area of the Basal ganglia?

A

Striatum

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13
Q

Output is relayed by which part of the Basal ganglia?

A

The Globus pallidus (internal and external segments)

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14
Q

Where does information go from the Globus pallidus?

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

What is the main function of the Basal ganglia?

A

To receive input from various areas of the brain and relay it back to the thalamus. It is a release circuit that works through disinhibition.

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16
Q

The “gates” of the Basal ganglia are specific to what sensory modality?

A

Specific to motor control

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17
Q

Lesions on the Basal ganglia often inhibits…

A

Habitual learning

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18
Q

What is the Braking Function of the BG?

A

The BG intentionally inhibiting undesired movements.

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19
Q

The cells in the striatum use __________, making them inhibitory/excitatory.

A

GABA, inhibitory

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20
Q

What is a biasing switch?

A

A switch the biases information so that it flows through the correct pathway

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21
Q

D1 cells form a _______ pathway.

A

direct

22
Q

D2 cells form a _______ pathway.

A

indirect

23
Q

One hypothesis of how the circuit engages is…

  1. a signal is conveyed through the _________.
  2. the ____________ selects movement.
  3. at the same time, the ____________ inhibits the execution of other movements.
A
  1. hyperindirect pathway
  2. direct pathway
  3. indirect pathway
24
Q

What type of cell is in this circuit? What part of the BG does it compose?

A

Medium Spiny Neurons make up the striatum

25
Q

Medium Spiny Neurons are divided into which 2 cell receptors? What are these receptors used for?

A

D1 and D2, used for the biasing circuit

26
Q

When DA binds to D1, _____________ occurs.

A

Depolarization

27
Q

When DA binds to D2, ____________ occurs.

A

Inhibition

28
Q

The Basal ganglia circuit can also be used for ___________ _________.

A

Reinforcement learning

29
Q

What are patches or striosomes?

A

Patches with a group of cells that receive and retain specific information

30
Q

Striosomes receive what kind of input?

A

Limbic

31
Q

Matrisomes receive what kind of information?

A

Cortical

32
Q

Striosomes:

Send ________ to _______.

A

sends ACh to SNpc.

33
Q

Matrisomes send _________ to ________ and ______.

A

sends GABA to GPi and SNpr.

34
Q

Cross-talk of the limbic and motor systems happens in the …?

A

Basal ganglia

35
Q

Lesions on the BG circuit can lead to 2 kinds of disorders:

A
  1. Hyperkinetic (Huntington’s)

2. Hypokinetic (Parkinsons)

36
Q

Name 2 hyperkinetic disorders. Which part of the BG needs to be damaged for these disorders to evolve?

A

Turrets, Huntington’s.

Damage specifically to the striatum leads to these.

37
Q

Hypokinetic disorders are a result of…

A

Loss of biasing circuit

38
Q

What kind of disorder is a compulsive disorder?

A

Hyperkinetic

39
Q

Parkinson’s disease is the loss of the _________ input, allowing for flow through the _________ pathway.

A

Dopamine, indirect pathway

40
Q

The flow of information through the indirect pathway causes __________.

A

Inhibition

41
Q

Parkinson’s: How much DA (dopamine) does the cells need to lose before symptoms appear?

A

Over 90%

42
Q

What are some motor symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremors, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling steps, etc.

43
Q

What are some non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Cognitive slowing, difficulty with higher level processing, depression.

44
Q

Parkinson’s: True or false: Giving patients Dopamine is an effective treatment for patients.

A

False, DA cannot cross the blood barrier

45
Q

Parkinson’s: True or false: L-DOPA is an effective treatment for patients.

A

Yes and no. It is effective but not as a long-term treatment because the body adjusts to it.

46
Q

What is the most effective treatment for Parkinson’s?

A

Fetal tissue transplant

47
Q

Parkinson’s results from the deterioration of neurons in the ____________.

A

Substantia nigra.

48
Q

What is Deep Brain Stimulation?

A

DBS: a probe into the striatum, stimulate that cell so that things can go through the direct pathway, and the individual can move.

49
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation stimulates what part of the brain?

A

the striatum

50
Q

Huntington’s disease is the loss of the …?

A

Spiny Neurons

51
Q

What is the “Brake” hypothesis?

A

The BG is a gate that acts as a brake, preventing unwanted movement.

Cogs 107A (6 decks)

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