Sleep Flashcards
The ______ system is responsible for removing toxins like beta-amyloid from the brain during deep sleep.
Glymphatic
Sleep plays a key role in ______ and ______ consolidation, especially in the hippocampal-cortical network.
Learning, memory
______ sleep deprivation is associated with hyperactivity of the amygdala and reduced regulation by the prefrontal cortex.
Acute
The main sleep-promoting neurotransmitters include ______ and ______.
GABA, galanin
The main wake-promoting neurotransmitters include ______, ______, and ______.
Acetylcholine, histamine, monoamines
The ______ hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates circadian rhythms.
Melatonin
The hormone ______ shows a surge after waking and helps prepare the hippocampus for memory formation.
Cortisol
The process of sleep pressure (Process S) is driven by the accumulation of ______ in the brain, promoting sleep.
Adenosine
In the elderly, sleep is often fragmented, with frequent awakenings and a reduction in ______ sleep.
Deep NREM
Chronic sleep deprivation can increase the risk of diseases like ______, ______, and ______.
Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease
During sleep, the metabolism decreases by ______ percent.
10-15
Sleep deprivation can lead to increased levels of ______, which stimulates appetite, and decreased levels of ______, which suppresses appetite.
Ghrelin, leptin
The sleep stage most associated with emotional memory processing is ______ sleep.
REM
Deep sleep helps remove ______ from the brain, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Beta-amyloid
Sleep deprivation can impair the immune system by disrupting the ______ and the ______ axis.
Sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of ______ diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Autoimmune
The two main categories of sleep are ______ and ______ sleep.
NREM, REM
In REM sleep, the body exhibits ______ movement and ______ eye movements.
Reduced, rapid
Delta waves, which are the slowest brain waves, occur during ______ sleep.
Deep NREM
During light sleep, the brain shows ______ waves, while deep sleep is associated with ______ waves.
Theta, delta
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are features of ______ sleep.
NREM Stage 2
The brain produces ______ waves when we are awake and focused, and ______ waves when we are calm and relaxed.
Beta, alpha
In REM sleep, breathing becomes more ______, while in NREM sleep, breathing is more ______.
Variable, regular
The shift from light to deep sleep is associated with a reduction in ______ rate and ______ rate.
Heart, breathing
Benzodiazepines enhance the effects of ______ by increasing chloride ion entry into neurons, reducing excitability.
GABA
Z-hypnotics such as zolpidem (Ambien®) specifically target ______ receptors and are used for sleep onset.
GABA-A1
Ramelteon (Rozerem®) is a ______ receptor agonist used for sleep onset.
Melatonin
Orexin receptor antagonists, such as daridorexant (Quviviq®), are used to treat ______ by blocking wake-promoting signals.
Insomnia
First-generation ______ antagonists, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), are commonly used for short-term treatment of insomnia.
H1
Antidepressants such as ______ and ______ are sometimes used to treat insomnia due to their effects on serotonin and histamine receptors.
Trazodone, doxepin
The pharmacologic treatment of narcolepsy often includes ______, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Modafinil
Oxybates, such as sodium oxybate (Xyrem®), are used in narcolepsy to increase ______ sleep and reduce cataplexy.
REM
______ receptor antagonists, like pitolisant (Wakix®), increase histamine release and promote wakefulness in narcolepsy.
H3
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep at least ______ nights per week for ______ months.
Three, three
______ is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of muscle weakness triggered by emotions.
Narcolepsy
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when the ______ collapses during sleep, causing pauses in breathing.
Airway
Patients with narcolepsy often experience ______ hallucinations at sleep onset and ______ paralysis upon waking.
Hypnagogic, sleep
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is characterized by an urge to move the legs, often occurring at ______ and relieved by ______.
Rest, movement
The gold standard for diagnosing sleep disorders such as OSA is ______.
Polysomnography
For patients with OSA, ______ is a common treatment that delivers continuous airflow to keep the airway open.
CPAP
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is often treated with ______, a drug that enhances dopamine signaling.
Pramipexole
Newborns spend approximately ______ percent of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
In older adults, there is a significant reduction in ______ sleep, which contributes to frequent awakenings.
Deep NREM
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulates ______ rhythms in response to light and dark signals.
Circadian
Sleep patterns shift in adolescence, with an increase in ______ sleep for synaptic pruning and a delayed circadian rhythm.
Deep NREM
By age 5, the balance of NREM to REM sleep shifts to approximately ______ percent NREM and ______ percent REM.
70, 30
The Z-hypnotic ______ has a very short half-life and is often used for middle-of-the-night awakenings.
Zaleplon (Sonata®)
Melatonin receptor agonists, such as ______, have a higher affinity for MT1 receptors, which help regulate sleep onset.
Ramelteon
______ are used to treat insomnia by antagonizing orexin receptors to promote sleep.
Orexin receptor antagonists
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) is an ______ antagonist and is commonly used for short-term treatment of sleep disorders.
H1 receptor
______ is a benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia due to its intermediate half-life.
Temazepam
The neurotransmitter ______ is responsible for promoting wakefulness and is blocked by antihistamines to induce sleep.
Histamine
The ______ scale is used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness in patients suspected of having narcolepsy.
Epworth Sleepiness
The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by two processes: ______ (circadian rhythm) and ______ (sleep pressure).
Process C, Process S
The pineal gland secretes ______ in response to darkness, helping to regulate circadian rhythms.
Melatonin
Short sleep duration (<6 hours) is associated with an increased risk of developing ______ and ______.
Obesity, type 2 diabetes
During REM sleep, muscle tone is ______, except for the muscles controlling breathing and eye movements.
Reduced
The ______ is the primary circadian pacemaker in the brain, synchronizing the sleep-wake cycle with light exposure.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Sleep spindles, which occur during NREM Stage 2 sleep, are associated with ______ consolidation.
Memory
REM sleep behavior disorder is characterized by abnormal ______ during REM sleep.
Muscle activity
Obstructive sleep apnea is commonly associated with ______, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
Snoring
Melatonin secretion follows a ______ rhythm, with levels rising in the evening and peaking at night.
Circadian
Adenosine, a byproduct of cellular metabolism, accumulates in the brain during wakefulness and promotes ______.
Sleep
______ is a GABA analog used to treat restless leg syndrome and is known to reduce excitatory neurotransmitter release.
Gabapentin
In polysomnography, ______ waves are characteristic of deep NREM sleep.
Delta
In sleep-deprived individuals, ______ levels of cortisol are often observed, which can contribute to stress and impaired immune function.
Elevated
The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea often involves the use of ______, which provides continuous airflow to prevent airway collapse.
CPAP
The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with both sleep and wakefulness, depending on the receptor it activates.
Serotonin
The sleep cycle repeats approximately every ______ minutes, alternating between NREM and REM sleep.
90
The drug ______, used in narcolepsy, increases dopamine levels and promotes wakefulness.
Modafinil
The treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy often involves the use of ______, which reduces muscle weakness during emotional episodes.
Sodium oxybate
