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PHR 936 Neurology B1 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ system is responsible for removing toxins like beta-amyloid from the brain during deep sleep.

A

Glymphatic

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2
Q

Sleep plays a key role in ______ and ______ consolidation, especially in the hippocampal-cortical network.

A

Learning, memory

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3
Q

______ sleep deprivation is associated with hyperactivity of the amygdala and reduced regulation by the prefrontal cortex.

A

Acute

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4
Q

The main sleep-promoting neurotransmitters include ______ and ______.

A

GABA, galanin

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5
Q

The main wake-promoting neurotransmitters include ______, ______, and ______.

A

Acetylcholine, histamine, monoamines

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6
Q

The ______ hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

The hormone ______ shows a surge after waking and helps prepare the hippocampus for memory formation.

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

The process of sleep pressure (Process S) is driven by the accumulation of ______ in the brain, promoting sleep.

A

Adenosine

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9
Q

In the elderly, sleep is often fragmented, with frequent awakenings and a reduction in ______ sleep.

A

Deep NREM

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10
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation can increase the risk of diseases like ______, ______, and ______.

A

Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

During sleep, the metabolism decreases by ______ percent.

A

10-15

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12
Q

Sleep deprivation can lead to increased levels of ______, which stimulates appetite, and decreased levels of ______, which suppresses appetite.

A

Ghrelin, leptin

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13
Q

The sleep stage most associated with emotional memory processing is ______ sleep.

A

REM

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14
Q

Deep sleep helps remove ______ from the brain, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

A

Beta-amyloid

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15
Q

Sleep deprivation can impair the immune system by disrupting the ______ and the ______ axis.

A

Sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

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16
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of ______ diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

A

Autoimmune

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17
Q

The two main categories of sleep are ______ and ______ sleep.

A

NREM, REM

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18
Q

In REM sleep, the body exhibits ______ movement and ______ eye movements.

A

Reduced, rapid

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19
Q

Delta waves, which are the slowest brain waves, occur during ______ sleep.

A

Deep NREM

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20
Q

During light sleep, the brain shows ______ waves, while deep sleep is associated with ______ waves.

A

Theta, delta

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21
Q

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are features of ______ sleep.

A

NREM Stage 2

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22
Q

The brain produces ______ waves when we are awake and focused, and ______ waves when we are calm and relaxed.

A

Beta, alpha

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23
Q

In REM sleep, breathing becomes more ______, while in NREM sleep, breathing is more ______.

A

Variable, regular

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24
Q

The shift from light to deep sleep is associated with a reduction in ______ rate and ______ rate.

A

Heart, breathing

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25
Q

Benzodiazepines enhance the effects of ______ by increasing chloride ion entry into neurons, reducing excitability.

A

GABA

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26
Q

Z-hypnotics such as zolpidem (Ambien®) specifically target ______ receptors and are used for sleep onset.

A

GABA-A1

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27
Q

Ramelteon (Rozerem®) is a ______ receptor agonist used for sleep onset.

A

Melatonin

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28
Q

Orexin receptor antagonists, such as daridorexant (Quviviq®), are used to treat ______ by blocking wake-promoting signals.

A

Insomnia

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29
Q

First-generation ______ antagonists, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), are commonly used for short-term treatment of insomnia.

A

H1

30
Q

Antidepressants such as ______ and ______ are sometimes used to treat insomnia due to their effects on serotonin and histamine receptors.

A

Trazodone, doxepin

31
Q

The pharmacologic treatment of narcolepsy often includes ______, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

A

Modafinil

32
Q

Oxybates, such as sodium oxybate (Xyrem®), are used in narcolepsy to increase ______ sleep and reduce cataplexy.

A

REM

33
Q

______ receptor antagonists, like pitolisant (Wakix®), increase histamine release and promote wakefulness in narcolepsy.

A

H3

34
Q

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep at least ______ nights per week for ______ months.

A

Three, three

35
Q

______ is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of muscle weakness triggered by emotions.

A

Narcolepsy

36
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when the ______ collapses during sleep, causing pauses in breathing.

A

Airway

37
Q

Patients with narcolepsy often experience ______ hallucinations at sleep onset and ______ paralysis upon waking.

A

Hypnagogic, sleep

38
Q

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is characterized by an urge to move the legs, often occurring at ______ and relieved by ______.

A

Rest, movement

39
Q

The gold standard for diagnosing sleep disorders such as OSA is ______.

A

Polysomnography

40
Q

For patients with OSA, ______ is a common treatment that delivers continuous airflow to keep the airway open.

A

CPAP

41
Q

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is often treated with ______, a drug that enhances dopamine signaling.

A

Pramipexole

42
Q

Newborns spend approximately ______ percent of their sleep time in REM sleep.

A

50

43
Q

In older adults, there is a significant reduction in ______ sleep, which contributes to frequent awakenings.

A

Deep NREM

44
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulates ______ rhythms in response to light and dark signals.

A

Circadian

45
Q

Sleep patterns shift in adolescence, with an increase in ______ sleep for synaptic pruning and a delayed circadian rhythm.

A

Deep NREM

46
Q

By age 5, the balance of NREM to REM sleep shifts to approximately ______ percent NREM and ______ percent REM.

A

70, 30

47
Q

The Z-hypnotic ______ has a very short half-life and is often used for middle-of-the-night awakenings.

A

Zaleplon (Sonata®)

48
Q

Melatonin receptor agonists, such as ______, have a higher affinity for MT1 receptors, which help regulate sleep onset.

A

Ramelteon

49
Q

______ are used to treat insomnia by antagonizing orexin receptors to promote sleep.

A

Orexin receptor antagonists

50
Q

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) is an ______ antagonist and is commonly used for short-term treatment of sleep disorders.

A

H1 receptor

51
Q

______ is a benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia due to its intermediate half-life.

A

Temazepam

52
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is responsible for promoting wakefulness and is blocked by antihistamines to induce sleep.

A

Histamine

53
Q

The ______ scale is used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness in patients suspected of having narcolepsy.

A

Epworth Sleepiness

54
Q

The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by two processes: ______ (circadian rhythm) and ______ (sleep pressure).

A

Process C, Process S

55
Q

The pineal gland secretes ______ in response to darkness, helping to regulate circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin

56
Q

Short sleep duration (<6 hours) is associated with an increased risk of developing ______ and ______.

A

Obesity, type 2 diabetes

57
Q

During REM sleep, muscle tone is ______, except for the muscles controlling breathing and eye movements.

A

Reduced

58
Q

The ______ is the primary circadian pacemaker in the brain, synchronizing the sleep-wake cycle with light exposure.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

59
Q

Sleep spindles, which occur during NREM Stage 2 sleep, are associated with ______ consolidation.

A

Memory

60
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder is characterized by abnormal ______ during REM sleep.

A

Muscle activity

61
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea is commonly associated with ______, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

A

Snoring

62
Q

Melatonin secretion follows a ______ rhythm, with levels rising in the evening and peaking at night.

A

Circadian

63
Q

Adenosine, a byproduct of cellular metabolism, accumulates in the brain during wakefulness and promotes ______.

A

Sleep

64
Q

______ is a GABA analog used to treat restless leg syndrome and is known to reduce excitatory neurotransmitter release.

A

Gabapentin

65
Q

In polysomnography, ______ waves are characteristic of deep NREM sleep.

A

Delta

66
Q

In sleep-deprived individuals, ______ levels of cortisol are often observed, which can contribute to stress and impaired immune function.

A

Elevated

67
Q

The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea often involves the use of ______, which provides continuous airflow to prevent airway collapse.

A

CPAP

68
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with both sleep and wakefulness, depending on the receptor it activates.

A

Serotonin

69
Q

The sleep cycle repeats approximately every ______ minutes, alternating between NREM and REM sleep.

A

90

70
Q

The drug ______, used in narcolepsy, increases dopamine levels and promotes wakefulness.

A

Modafinil

71
Q

The treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy often involves the use of ______, which reduces muscle weakness during emotional episodes.

A

Sodium oxybate

PHR 936 Neurology B1 (6 decks)

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