Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHR 936 Neurology B1 > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is the basic unit of communication in the nervous system.

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The ______ is a fatty layer that wraps around the axons of neurons to increase transmission speed.

A

Myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The ______ contains the cellular machinery that keeps the neuron alive, including the nucleus.

A

Cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The ______ are extensions of a neuron that receive information from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ______ is the part of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The ______ are located at the end of an axon and are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters.

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released is called the ______.

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons, a process known as an ______.

A

Action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately ______ mV.

A

-70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ______ pumps 2 K+ ions into the cell and 3 Na+ ions out, contributing to the negative membrane potential.

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is involved in muscle control and is released at neuromuscular junctions.

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is involved in mood regulation, particularly related to depression and anxiety.

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with reward, motivation, and addiction.

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The ______ channels open in response to depolarization and allow sodium ions to enter the cell during an action potential.

A

Voltage-gated sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The ______ channels open to allow potassium ions to exit the cell, repolarizing the membrane after an action potential.

A

Voltage-gated potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through a process called ______.

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ on the postsynaptic membrane, initiating a response in the receiving neuron.

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ channels open in response to an action potential and allow Ca2+ to enter the presynaptic neuron.

A

Voltage-gated calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ______ is the location in the neuron where action potentials are generated.

A

Axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by ______ or ______.

A

Reuptake, enzymatic breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

______ neurons transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands.

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ______ are the immune cells of the central nervous system, scavenging plaques and damaged cells.

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

______ cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The process by which the nervous system changes in response to experience is called ______.

A

Neuroplasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ______ neuron type is characterized by a single long axon and multiple dendrites.

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ______ are gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

29
Q

The ______ is a reflex response in which stretching a muscle causes it to contract.

A

Knee-jerk reflex

30
Q

In the central nervous system, ______ matter contains the cell bodies of neurons.

A

Gray

31
Q

In the central nervous system, ______ matter consists of myelinated axons.

A

White

32
Q

The ______ system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

A

Autonomic nervous

33
Q

The ______ is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response.

A

Sympathetic

34
Q

The ______ is part of the autonomic nervous system that controls ‘rest and digest’ functions.

A

Parasympathetic

35
Q

______ neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

A

Cholinergic

36
Q

______ neurons release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

A

Adrenergic

37
Q

The ______ gland releases hormones that regulate other glands and bodily functions.

A

Pituitary

38
Q

The ______ is involved in regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

The ______ controls involuntary muscles and organs in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Autonomic nervous system

40
Q

The ______ is the main neurotransmitter system involved in the ‘reward’ pathway of the brain.

A

Dopaminergic

41
Q

The ______ lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information.

A

Occipital

42
Q

______ summation occurs when multiple presynaptic inputs combine to generate a larger postsynaptic potential.

A

Spatial

43
Q

______ summation occurs when repeated inputs from the same presynaptic neuron build upon each other.

A

Temporal

44
Q

An ______ receptor responds directly to a neurotransmitter by opening an ion channel.

A

Ionotropic

45
Q

A ______ receptor triggers intracellular signaling pathways after binding to a neurotransmitter.

A

Metabotropic

46
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ channels to generate an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

A

Ligand-gated ion

47
Q

______ are the star-shaped glial cells involved in maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

48
Q

______ cells wrap around axons in the peripheral nervous system to form the myelin sheath.

A

Schwann

49
Q

______ cells are the macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for immune defense.

A

Microglia

50
Q

______ are glial cells responsible for myelinating neurons in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes

51
Q

The ______ is the insulating layer around axons that increases the speed of action potential conduction.

A

Myelin sheath

52
Q

Synaptic transmission begins when an ______ arrives at the presynaptic terminal.

A

Action potential

53
Q

Calcium enters the presynaptic terminal and triggers the release of ______ from synaptic vesicles.

A

Neurotransmitters

54
Q

______ is the process of recycling neurotransmitter vesicle membranes after exocytosis.

A

Endocytosis

55
Q

Neurotransmitters act on ______ to propagate signals to the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Receptors

56
Q

Neurotransmitter release is triggered by the influx of ______ ions into the presynaptic terminal.

A

Calcium

57
Q

The ______ system is responsible for detecting pain, temperature, and pressure.

A

Somatosensory

58
Q

The ______ is a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement, attention, and learning.

A

Dopamine

59
Q

The ______ is a neurotransmitter that is inhibitory and helps to control anxiety and stress.

A

GABA

60
Q

______ is the neurotransmitter that typically acts at neuromuscular junctions to trigger muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine

61
Q

The ______ is involved in regulating circadian rhythms, sleep, and wakefulness.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

62
Q

The ______ potential is the difference in electrical charge across a cell’s plasma membrane.

A

Membrane

63
Q

The ______ period is the time following an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again.

A

Refractory

64
Q

The ______ describes the rapid depolarization of a neuron during an action potential.

A

Rising phase

65
Q

______ describes the rapid return of a neuron’s membrane potential to a negative value after depolarization.

A

Repolarization

66
Q

______ potentials are brief, localized changes in membrane potential that can summate to trigger an action potential.

A

Graded

67
Q

A ______ potential is the electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron.

A

Action

68
Q

The ______ synapse involves the direct flow of ions between neurons via gap junctions.

A

Electrical

69
Q

The ______ synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

A

Chemical

PHR 936 Neurology B1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions