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PHR 936 Neurology B1 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

The ______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A

GABA

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3
Q

The ______ receptors are ionotropic receptors activated by glutamate and glycine, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ influx.

A

NMDA

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4
Q

The ______ receptor subtype is responsible for fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

A

AMPA

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5
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can be classified into groups based on their signaling: Group I is ______, while Group II and III are ______.

A

excitatory, inhibitory

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6
Q

______ transporters remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft to maintain neurotransmitter balance.

A

EAAT

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7
Q

The balance between ______ and ______ is crucial for maintaining proper excitation and inhibition in the brain.

A

Glutamate, GABA

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8
Q

The ______ receptor is a pentameric structure that, when activated, allows Cl- ions to enter the cell, causing inhibition.

A

GABA-A

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9
Q

The ______ receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor that inhibits Ca2+ channels and activates K+ channels.

A

GABA-B

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10
Q

Benzodiazepines bind to the ______ receptor to enhance the effects of GABA.

A

GABA-A

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11
Q

The precursor to dopamine is ______, which crosses the blood-brain barrier.

A

L-DOPA

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12
Q

Dopamine plays a key role in ______, ______, and ______.

A

motor control, reward, motivation

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13
Q

The four major dopamine pathways are ______, ______, ______, and ______.

A

mesolimbic, mesocortical, nigrostriatal, tuberoinfundibular

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14
Q

The ______ pathway is involved in reward and motivation, projecting from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens.

A

Mesolimbic

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15
Q

Dopamine receptors can be classified into two families: the ______ family (Gs-coupled) and the ______ family (Gi-coupled).

A

D1, D2

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16
Q

The ______ receptor family includes D1 and D5 receptors, which increase cAMP levels.

A

D1

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17
Q

The ______ receptor family includes D2, D3, and D4 receptors, which decrease cAMP levels.

A

D2

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18
Q

The main enzymes that degrade dopamine are ______ and ______.

A

MAO, COMT

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19
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid ______.

A

Tryptophan

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20
Q

The major breakdown product of serotonin is ______.

A

5-HIAA

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21
Q

Serotonin receptors are classified into multiple subtypes; 5-HT1 receptors are ______, while 5-HT2 receptors are ______.

A

inhibitory, excitatory

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22
Q

The ______ system is primarily involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and pain.

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

The cell bodies of serotonin-producing neurons are located in the ______ nuclei.

A

Raphe

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24
Q

Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, such as ______, are commonly used as antidepressants.

A

SSRIs

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25
Q

Norepinephrine is primarily synthesized in the ______ and is involved in alertness and the fight-or-flight response.

A

Locus coeruleus

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26
Q

The major adrenergic receptors are classified into ______, ______, and ______ receptors.

A

alpha-1, alpha-2, beta

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27
Q

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are ______, while alpha-2 receptors are ______.

A

excitatory, inhibitory

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28
Q

The ______ system controls functions such as heart rate, arousal, and blood pressure through norepinephrine.

A

Sympathetic nervous

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29
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized from ______ and acetyl-CoA.

A

Choline

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30
Q

The two major types of acetylcholine receptors are ______ and ______.

A

nicotinic, muscarinic

31
Q

______ receptors are ionotropic and mediate fast synaptic transmission in the neuromuscular junction.

A

Nicotinic

32
Q

______ receptors are G-protein coupled and are involved in parasympathetic nervous system functions.

A

Muscarinic

33
Q

The ______ is a brain region where cholinergic neurons are involved in memory and learning.

A

Basal forebrain

34
Q

Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid ______.

A

Histidine

35
Q

Histamine plays a role in arousal and wakefulness through activation of ______ receptors.

A

H1

36
Q

The H3 histamine receptor functions as an ______ receptor, regulating the release of histamine.

A

Autoreceptor

37
Q

Histaminergic neurons are located primarily in the ______ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A

Tuberomammillary

38
Q

Endogenous opioids bind to ______ receptors, which are G-protein coupled and primarily inhibitory.

A

Mu, delta, kappa

39
Q

The ______ receptor is responsible for most of the analgesic effects of opioids.

A

Mu

40
Q

Opioid peptides such as ______ and ______ are naturally occurring ligands for opioid receptors.

A

Endorphins, enkephalins

41
Q

The ______ system is involved in pain modulation, reward, and addiction.

A

Opioidergic

42
Q

A ______ agonist mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to the same receptor.

A

Direct

43
Q

A ______ antagonist blocks the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor.

A

Competitive

44
Q

A ______ modulator binds to a site on a receptor distinct from the agonist binding site, influencing receptor activity.

A

Allosteric

45
Q

The breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes such as MAO and COMT is an example of ______.

A

Catabolism

46
Q

The reuptake of neurotransmitters into presynaptic neurons is mediated by ______ transporters.

A

Plasma membrane

47
Q

______ channels open in response to a change in membrane potential and are crucial for action potential propagation.

A

Voltage-gated

48
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels, such as ______, open in response to the binding of neurotransmitters.

A

Ionotropic receptors

49
Q

The ______ receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in dopamine transmission, reducing cAMP levels.

A

D2

50
Q

The ______ receptor subtype mediates the fast excitatory action of glutamate in the brain.

A

AMPA

51
Q

Activation of the ______ receptor by acetylcholine causes skeletal muscle contraction.

A

Nicotinic

52
Q

The ______ receptor subtype is involved in slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials mediated by glutamate.

A

NMDA

53
Q

Blocking the ______ receptor prevents dopamine from exerting its effects on reward and motivation.

A

D2

54
Q

The precursor to serotonin is the amino acid ______.

A

Tryptophan

55
Q

______ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that opens Cl- channels to reduce neuronal excitability.

A

GABA

56
Q

Glutamate is converted into ______ in glial cells, which is then transported back to neurons.

A

Glutamine

57
Q

Serotonin is broken down by the enzyme ______ in presynaptic neurons.

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

58
Q

The ______ receptor binds to norepinephrine and mediates vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

A

Alpha-1

59
Q

The ______ receptor is an inhibitory autoreceptor that decreases norepinephrine release.

A

Alpha-2

60
Q

The ______ receptor is primarily found in the heart and increases heart rate when activated.

A

Beta-1

61
Q

______ are G-protein coupled receptors that bind endogenous opioids like enkephalins and endorphins.

A

Opioid receptors

62
Q

______ is a dopamine precursor that can be administered to patients with Parkinson’s disease.

A

L-DOPA

63
Q

The ______ nucleus in the hypothalamus is the primary source of histamine in the brain.

A

Tuberomammillary

64
Q

______ transporters remove GABA from the synaptic cleft to terminate its inhibitory effects.

A

GABA transporters (GAT)

65
Q

The enzyme ______ is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

66
Q

The ______ system controls involuntary functions like digestion and heart rate through acetylcholine release.

A

Parasympathetic

67
Q

The ______ neurotransmitter system is involved in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite.

A

Serotonin

68
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is involved in pain suppression, and its receptors are targeted by opioids.

A

Endorphin

69
Q

The ______ receptor subtype is primarily involved in inhibitory neurotransmission via chloride ion channels.

A

GABA-A

70
Q

Increased levels of the neurotransmitter ______ are associated with schizophrenia.

A

Dopamine

71
Q

______ is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the regulation of body temperature, sleep, and appetite.

A

Serotonin

72
Q

The ______ receptors are located on the postsynaptic membrane and mediate excitatory neurotransmission.

A

Ionotropic

73
Q

The enzyme ______ is involved in the catabolism of catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine.

A

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

PHR 936 Neurology B1 (6 decks)

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