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T4 Systems > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

sleep affects the _________

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

sleep medications also act on the __________

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

without adequate sleep, a patients lifespan may __________

A

decrease

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4
Q

T/F some stimuli are more effective in waking someone up

A

true

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5
Q

there are two principal stages of sleep ____ & ___

A

NREM & REM

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6
Q

____ accounts for 75-80% of sleep

A

NREM

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7
Q

NREM occurs in stages of increasing ______

A

depth

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8
Q

during NREM sleep, ____ and ____ movements decrease

A

eye and body

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9
Q

during NREM sleep there is a _______ in body temperature

A

decrease

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10
Q

T/F during NREM sleep cerebral blood flow increases

A

false

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11
Q

T/F NREM is the only time in a 24 hr period where the PNS is completely in control

A

true

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12
Q

___ sleep accounts for 20-25% of total sleep

A

REM

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13
Q

REM cycle lengths ________ over an 8 hour sleep with most REM occuring in the last third

A

increases

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14
Q

REM sleep includes sleep _____; which is aka pseudo-paralysis

A

atonia

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15
Q

T/F during REM sleep the brain is very active and blood flow to it increases

A

true

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16
Q

T/F during REM sleep the brain is as active or more when awake

A

true

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17
Q

bursts of ______ _______, heart rate and respiration happen during REM sleep

A

blood pressure

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18
Q

most of the consolidation of skills and memory occurs in ___ sleep

A

REM

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19
Q

the first stage of a normal sleep cycle is ____ aka somnolence, drowsiness or shallow sleep

A

NREM

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20
Q

the second stage in a normal sleep cycle is NREM _______ _____

A

light sleep

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21
Q

the third and forth stage of a normal sleep cycle is NREM ______ ______

A

deep sleep

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22
Q

T/F after stages 3-4-3 occur, the sleep cycle reverts back to stage 2 before going into 1-2 minutes of wakefulness episodes

A

true

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23
Q

T/F people woken from NREM sleep are often replenished and ready to take on the day

A

false, they are normally groggy and irritable

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24
Q

up to __% of sleep is stage one NREM

A

10%

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25
Q

__-__% of sleep is stage 2 NREM

A

20-50%

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26
Q

__% of sleep is stages 3&4 NREM

A

20%

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27
Q

___-___% of sleep is REM sleep

A

20-25%

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28
Q

the NREM - REM cycle rotates every ___-___ minutes

A

90-110 minutes

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29
Q

T/F stage 3/4 NREM is longer in the earlier part of the night

A

true

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30
Q

T/F the first REM is 20min

A

false, 10 min

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31
Q

deep sleep stages _______ and REM stages ______ as the night progresses

A

shorten, lengthen

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32
Q

T/F when a person loses 1-2 hours of sleep it is the REM sleep that is most impaired

A

true

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33
Q

in order for sleep to be restorative, we need several ________ sleep cycles each night

A

complete

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34
Q

deep sleep and REM stages are influenced by ____________ factors

A

homeostatic

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35
Q

T/F if the person misses some of these sleep times (Deep sleep & REM), they increase once unrestricted sleep is again possible

A

true

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36
Q

T/F sleep must be efficient for the persons stage of life to be restorative

A

true

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37
Q

sleep is considered __________ if the person feels refreshed/replenished and is not sleepy during the following day

A

restorative

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38
Q

T/F sleep specialists are most concerned about toddlers, adolescents and seniors getting the correct amount of sleep

A

true

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39
Q

the brain is built between ages __-__

A

0-3

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40
Q

in order for the brain to be operational, the brain structures for __________ must be built

A

communication

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41
Q

up until the age of three, kids spend most of their sleep time in ___

A

REM

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42
Q

Teenagers require adequate sleep as this is a crucial brain development time, especially in ______ development and _______ making

A

social, decision

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43
Q

T/F elderly people need 7-8 hours of sleep per night

A

true

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44
Q

T/F the less well a senior sleeps, the more likely they are to have hypertension, be a fall risk or have cognitive issues/ mood disorders

A

true

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45
Q

Which of the following are known purposes of sleep?

a) regulation of glucose levels
b) replenishment of glycogen stores
c) restoration of WBC’s
d) anabolic processes & tissue healing
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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46
Q

we dream because we may still be ________ things from the day

A

processing

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47
Q

T/F Freudian sleep theories have been discredited as sleep science develops

A

true (Freud was a sick fuck)

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48
Q

_________ is believed to be an essential part of the memory processing and consolidation of experiences

A

dreaming

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49
Q

__% of dreaming happens in REM sleep

A

80%

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50
Q

T/F REM dream recall indicates a cognitive issue

A

false, REM dream recall is good

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51
Q

T/F sleep is only restorative if the person sleeps enough to feel replenished

A

true

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52
Q

restorative sleep is needed for _______ function

A

normal

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53
Q

T/F sleep is more necessary following sleep loss, illness or injury/ recovery

A

true

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54
Q

T/F humans can complicate or aid sleep through willed behaviour

A

true

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55
Q

promoting restorative sleep can be the main _____ of treatment for patients who are recovering from surgery or illness, as the brain only heals during sleep

A

goal

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56
Q

sleep is controlled by ____________ regulation

A

homeostatic

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57
Q

homeostatic regulation reflects the body’s ______ _____ based on time lapsed since the last sleep and other physical and emotional factors building to pressing need for restorative sleep

A

sleep drive

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58
Q

sleep is controlled by ________ rhythm

A

circadian

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59
Q

the circadian rhythm can also be called the _____ ______ cycle

A

sleep wake

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60
Q

the circadian rhythm entrains with __________ cues such as light & dark

A

environmental

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61
Q

the circadian rhythm is tied to the cycles of the ___

A

sun

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62
Q

T/F circadian rhythm cannot be altered by backlit devices

A

false

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63
Q

T/F physiologically we are supposed to be ready to sleep naturally within a few hours of the sun going down

A

true

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64
Q

sleep is controlled by ________ rhythm

A

ultradian

65
Q

the ultradian rhythm is impacted by the regulation of cycling stages within sleep (NREM&REM); this results from the integration of __________ and ________ processes

A

homeostatic and circadian

66
Q

the sleep control center is the _______

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

the _________ ensures rapid transition between asleep and awake states

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

T/F the hypothalamus is the key area involved in sleep/wake regulation

A

true

69
Q

the _______ hypothalamus contains the sleep-inducing region

A

anterior

70
Q

the _______ hypothalamus contains the wakefulness-promoting region

A

posterior

71
Q

the hypothalamus directs __________ mechanisms and modulates _________ processes

A

homeostatic, circadian

72
Q

the hypothalamus harmonizes sleep-wake cycles with _______ functions

A

autonomic

73
Q

body temperature regulation is a result of the _________

A

hypothalamus

74
Q

T/F being a morning or night person refers to a persons chronotype

A

true

75
Q

___________ is a sleep-wake regulator that accumulates in the brain as a result of neuron metabolism

A

adenosine

76
Q

as adenosine __________ in concentration, it begins to inhibit arousal promoting neurons

A

increases

77
Q

________ is believed to block adenosine receptors

A

caffeine

78
Q

as the adenosine accumulates it makes you _____

A

sleepy

79
Q

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland

A

melatonin

80
Q

T/F melatonin secretion is part of the circadian rhythm

A

true

81
Q

one will have maximal melatonin secretion at _______

A

night

82
Q

T/F melatonin stimulates the cerebellum to promote sleep

A

false, it stimulates the hypothalamus

83
Q

________ can be used to reset the circadian clock

A

melatonin

84
Q

to be the most effective, melatonin should be taken at _____ or _____

A

dawn or dusk

85
Q

_________ is an excitatory transmitter responsible for the activation aspects of REM sleep

A

acetylcholine

86
Q

___ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts in different parts of the hypothalamus to promote sleep onset

A

GABA

87
Q

T/F acetylcholine plays a role in awakennig

A

true

88
Q

T/F GABA shifts within the stages of the ultradian rhythm

A

true

89
Q

________ aka Orexins; are neuropeptides produced by hypothalamic neurons

A

Hypocretins

90
Q

_______ stimulate arousal to help bring the person out of sleep

A

Hypocretins

91
Q

T/F hypocretins although powerful cannot override the sleep urge

A

false

92
Q

________, norepinephrine and histamine are all wakefulness promotion neurotransmitters which are less active during sleep

A

serotonin

93
Q

T/F GABA inhibition helps curb the effects of serotonin, norepinephrine and histamine

A

true

94
Q

_____ ______ is the result of not getting quite enough sleep

A

sleep debt

95
Q

______ ______ = homeostatic induced sleep pressure

A

sleep loss

96
Q

T/F an adult human cannot voluntarily stay awake for more than 2-3 days

A

true

97
Q

to overcome sleep debt, one must have a major sleep occurring at the right _______ time

A

circadian

98
Q

T/F at any point that an adult feels sleepy during normal awake time, sleep debt is present

A

true

99
Q

Accumulated sleep debt is called ______ ____________

A

sleep deprivation

100
Q

T/F naps can rectify ultradian rhythm losses

A

false

101
Q

_________; brief episodes where theta or delta waves break through the normal wakefulness and generate a few seconds of sleep

A

microsleep

102
Q

T/F people are generally aware they are micro sleeping

A

false

103
Q

effects of ______ _________ include impaired immunity, digestive disorders, thermoregulatory abnormalities, and impaired stress management

A

sleep deprivation

104
Q

some examples of causes of _______ ______ include anxiety, stimulant use, too much light in the sleeping environment or an erratic schedule

A

sleep loss

105
Q

fibromyalgia, anxiety, Parkinson’s disease, and arthritis are all conditions associated with _________

A

hyposomnia

106
Q

anaemia, hypothyroidism and some PTSD cases are associated with __________

A

hypersomnia

107
Q

Despite the opportunity for adequate sleep, sleep is absent or inadequate which includes the inability to fall asleep this definition is describing

A

insomnia

108
Q

T/F for diagnosis of insomnia daytime functioning must be impaired

A

true

109
Q

___________ insomnia; lasts up to a week and is often referred to as adjustment sleep disorder

A

Transient

110
Q

_____-_____ insomnia lasts up to about 6 months, usually associated with a longer stressful situation

A

short-term

111
Q

______ insomnia: lasting more than 6 months

A

chronic

112
Q

_________ insomnia; diagnosed when there is no identifiable cause

A

primary

113
Q

______ ______ is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep - one or more breaths are missed, occurring repeatedly during sleep

A

sleep apnea

114
Q

T/F a person is fully aware when they have sleep apnea

A

false

115
Q

co-factors for sleep apnea include __________ and _______

A

hypertension and obesity

116
Q

T/F sleep apnea is repeatedly diagnosed

A

false

117
Q

there are __ types of sleep apnea

A

3

118
Q

________ sleep apnea is the most common type and is due to muscle relaxation during sleep as the collapsible walls of the throat obstruct breathing

A

obstructive

119
Q

during __________ sleep apnea, the brain will not allow itself to go into deeper sleep spaces

A

obstructive

120
Q

some signs and symptoms of __________ sleep apnea include morning headaches, depression and weight gain

A

obstructive

121
Q

________ sleep apnea is a result of imbalances in the brain’s respiratory control centre during sleep

A

central

122
Q

__________ sleep apnea usually includes a slow reaction to CO2 build-up

A

central

123
Q

during central sleep apnea, the person may cycle between apnea and compensatory ___________ (fast breathing)

A

hyperpnea

124
Q

T/F CSA can be very hard on the heart over time

A

true

125
Q

T/F CSA is one of the causes of sudden death

A

true

126
Q

the third sleep apnea category is ________/complex sleep apnea: it is a mixture of the two

A

mixed

127
Q

T/F learning to play the didgeridoo is a good way to treat obstructive sleep apnea

A

true

128
Q

__________ rhythm sleep disorders are characterized by disruptions in the normal day/night sleep cycle although total sleep time falls within normal range

A

circadian

129
Q

T/F 7-10% of insomnia complaints stem from circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

true

130
Q

T/F shift workers are the only ones immune to circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

false, they are most likely to develop circadian rhythm disorders

131
Q

There are __ types of circadian rhythm disorders

A

3

132
Q

the most common types of circadian rhythm disorder is __________ sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

A

delayed

133
Q

_____ is loosely defined as persistent inability to fall asleep and wake up at normal times

A

DSPS

134
Q

_________ sleep phase syndrome is much less common - the person falls asleep and wakes up very early

A

advanced

135
Q

T/F advanced sleep phase syndrome is normally seen in senior populations

A

true

136
Q

_________ sleep-wake cycles; very abnormal sleep not containing normal ultradian or circadian cycles

A

irregular

137
Q

_________ is characterized by dysfunction and inappropriate regulation of REM sleep

A

narcolepsy

138
Q

narcolepsy exhibits features of ___ sleep at _____ times

A

REM, NREM

139
Q

“sleep attacks” often happen in someone with _________

A

narcolepsy

140
Q

T/F people with narcolepsy have vivid dreams even during short naps

A

true

141
Q

70% of people with narcolepsy also experience _________; episodes of loss of muscle control of varying severity

A

cataplexy

142
Q

the avg age onset for narcolepsy is __

A

15

143
Q

Abnormal _______ receptors have been identified in patients with narcolepsy

A

orexin

144
Q

narcolepsy includes immune modulation abnormalities involved ___ subtypes, which has caused speculation about whether something is an autoimmune condition

A

HLA

145
Q

___________; undesirable motor or verbal phenomena that occur during sleep

A

parasomnias

146
Q

_________ _______; brief episodes of non-waking arousal usually occurring early in the night

A

confusional arousal

147
Q

________ _______; person arising out of stage 3/4 NREM sits up and screams - often very aggressive physically

A

sleep terrors

148
Q

the following symptoms usually cause _______ ________; sleep deprivation, trauma and medications

A

sleep terrors

149
Q

__________; arises out of 3/4 stage NREM, person gets up and ambulates; lasts longer than sleep terrors but not usually more than 10-15 min

A

sleep walking

150
Q

T/F sleepwalking has a genetic component

A

true

151
Q

attempts to awaken the person sleepwalking can be unsuccessful and result in __________ responses

A

aggressive

152
Q

anxiety, stress and sleep deprivation can all trigger _______ ________

A

sleep walking

153
Q

_______ ________; jaw clenching and or teeth grinding during sleep

A

sleep bruxism

154
Q

_______ ________ (Somniloquy) occurs in stage 1/2 NREM, person talks in clear words or even sentences

A

sleep talking

155
Q

similar to sleep talking, other light sleep behavioral phenomena include sleep ___ and sleep _______

A

sex, texting

156
Q

___ sleep behaviour disorders happen primarily in senior populations and can be associated with Parkinson’s patients as well as people with dementia

A

REM

157
Q

a person with a REM sleep disorder can lash out at sleep partner or try to make an _______ resulting in injury or death in extreme cases

A

escape

158
Q

T/F REM sleep behaviour disorders can be brought on by antidepressant use

A

true

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