Sleep Flashcards
sleep affects the _________
hypothalamus
sleep medications also act on the __________
hypothalamus
without adequate sleep, a patients lifespan may __________
decrease
T/F some stimuli are more effective in waking someone up
true
there are two principal stages of sleep ____ & ___
NREM & REM
____ accounts for 75-80% of sleep
NREM
NREM occurs in stages of increasing ______
depth
during NREM sleep, ____ and ____ movements decrease
eye and body
during NREM sleep there is a _______ in body temperature
decrease
T/F during NREM sleep cerebral blood flow increases
false
T/F NREM is the only time in a 24 hr period where the PNS is completely in control
true
___ sleep accounts for 20-25% of total sleep
REM
REM cycle lengths ________ over an 8 hour sleep with most REM occuring in the last third
increases
REM sleep includes sleep _____; which is aka pseudo-paralysis
atonia
T/F during REM sleep the brain is very active and blood flow to it increases
true
T/F during REM sleep the brain is as active or more when awake
true
bursts of ______ _______, heart rate and respiration happen during REM sleep
blood pressure
most of the consolidation of skills and memory occurs in ___ sleep
REM
the first stage of a normal sleep cycle is ____ aka somnolence, drowsiness or shallow sleep
NREM
the second stage in a normal sleep cycle is NREM _______ _____
light sleep
the third and forth stage of a normal sleep cycle is NREM ______ ______
deep sleep
T/F after stages 3-4-3 occur, the sleep cycle reverts back to stage 2 before going into 1-2 minutes of wakefulness episodes
true
T/F people woken from NREM sleep are often replenished and ready to take on the day
false, they are normally groggy and irritable
up to __% of sleep is stage one NREM
10%
__-__% of sleep is stage 2 NREM
20-50%
__% of sleep is stages 3&4 NREM
20%
___-___% of sleep is REM sleep
20-25%
the NREM - REM cycle rotates every ___-___ minutes
90-110 minutes
T/F stage 3/4 NREM is longer in the earlier part of the night
true
T/F the first REM is 20min
false, 10 min
deep sleep stages _______ and REM stages ______ as the night progresses
shorten, lengthen
T/F when a person loses 1-2 hours of sleep it is the REM sleep that is most impaired
true
in order for sleep to be restorative, we need several ________ sleep cycles each night
complete
deep sleep and REM stages are influenced by ____________ factors
homeostatic
T/F if the person misses some of these sleep times (Deep sleep & REM), they increase once unrestricted sleep is again possible
true
T/F sleep must be efficient for the persons stage of life to be restorative
true
sleep is considered __________ if the person feels refreshed/replenished and is not sleepy during the following day
restorative
T/F sleep specialists are most concerned about toddlers, adolescents and seniors getting the correct amount of sleep
true
the brain is built between ages __-__
0-3
in order for the brain to be operational, the brain structures for __________ must be built
communication
up until the age of three, kids spend most of their sleep time in ___
REM
Teenagers require adequate sleep as this is a crucial brain development time, especially in ______ development and _______ making
social, decision
T/F elderly people need 7-8 hours of sleep per night
true
T/F the less well a senior sleeps, the more likely they are to have hypertension, be a fall risk or have cognitive issues/ mood disorders
true
Which of the following are known purposes of sleep?
a) regulation of glucose levels
b) replenishment of glycogen stores
c) restoration of WBC’s
d) anabolic processes & tissue healing
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
we dream because we may still be ________ things from the day
processing
T/F Freudian sleep theories have been discredited as sleep science develops
true (Freud was a sick fuck)
_________ is believed to be an essential part of the memory processing and consolidation of experiences
dreaming
__% of dreaming happens in REM sleep
80%
T/F REM dream recall indicates a cognitive issue
false, REM dream recall is good
T/F sleep is only restorative if the person sleeps enough to feel replenished
true
restorative sleep is needed for _______ function
normal
T/F sleep is more necessary following sleep loss, illness or injury/ recovery
true
T/F humans can complicate or aid sleep through willed behaviour
true
promoting restorative sleep can be the main _____ of treatment for patients who are recovering from surgery or illness, as the brain only heals during sleep
goal
sleep is controlled by ____________ regulation
homeostatic
homeostatic regulation reflects the body’s ______ _____ based on time lapsed since the last sleep and other physical and emotional factors building to pressing need for restorative sleep
sleep drive
sleep is controlled by ________ rhythm
circadian
the circadian rhythm can also be called the _____ ______ cycle
sleep wake
the circadian rhythm entrains with __________ cues such as light & dark
environmental
the circadian rhythm is tied to the cycles of the ___
sun
T/F circadian rhythm cannot be altered by backlit devices
false
T/F physiologically we are supposed to be ready to sleep naturally within a few hours of the sun going down
true
sleep is controlled by ________ rhythm
ultradian
the ultradian rhythm is impacted by the regulation of cycling stages within sleep (NREM&REM); this results from the integration of __________ and ________ processes
homeostatic and circadian
the sleep control center is the _______
hypothalamus
the _________ ensures rapid transition between asleep and awake states
hypothalamus
T/F the hypothalamus is the key area involved in sleep/wake regulation
true
the _______ hypothalamus contains the sleep-inducing region
anterior
the _______ hypothalamus contains the wakefulness-promoting region
posterior
the hypothalamus directs __________ mechanisms and modulates _________ processes
homeostatic, circadian
the hypothalamus harmonizes sleep-wake cycles with _______ functions
autonomic
body temperature regulation is a result of the _________
hypothalamus
T/F being a morning or night person refers to a persons chronotype
true
___________ is a sleep-wake regulator that accumulates in the brain as a result of neuron metabolism
adenosine
as adenosine __________ in concentration, it begins to inhibit arousal promoting neurons
increases
________ is believed to block adenosine receptors
caffeine
as the adenosine accumulates it makes you _____
sleepy
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland
melatonin
T/F melatonin secretion is part of the circadian rhythm
true
one will have maximal melatonin secretion at _______
night
T/F melatonin stimulates the cerebellum to promote sleep
false, it stimulates the hypothalamus
________ can be used to reset the circadian clock
melatonin
to be the most effective, melatonin should be taken at _____ or _____
dawn or dusk
_________ is an excitatory transmitter responsible for the activation aspects of REM sleep
acetylcholine
___ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts in different parts of the hypothalamus to promote sleep onset
GABA
T/F acetylcholine plays a role in awakennig
true
T/F GABA shifts within the stages of the ultradian rhythm
true
________ aka Orexins; are neuropeptides produced by hypothalamic neurons
Hypocretins
_______ stimulate arousal to help bring the person out of sleep
Hypocretins
T/F hypocretins although powerful cannot override the sleep urge
false
________, norepinephrine and histamine are all wakefulness promotion neurotransmitters which are less active during sleep
serotonin
T/F GABA inhibition helps curb the effects of serotonin, norepinephrine and histamine
true
_____ ______ is the result of not getting quite enough sleep
sleep debt
______ ______ = homeostatic induced sleep pressure
sleep loss
T/F an adult human cannot voluntarily stay awake for more than 2-3 days
true
to overcome sleep debt, one must have a major sleep occurring at the right _______ time
circadian
T/F at any point that an adult feels sleepy during normal awake time, sleep debt is present
true
Accumulated sleep debt is called ______ ____________
sleep deprivation
T/F naps can rectify ultradian rhythm losses
false
_________; brief episodes where theta or delta waves break through the normal wakefulness and generate a few seconds of sleep
microsleep
T/F people are generally aware they are micro sleeping
false
effects of ______ _________ include impaired immunity, digestive disorders, thermoregulatory abnormalities, and impaired stress management
sleep deprivation
some examples of causes of _______ ______ include anxiety, stimulant use, too much light in the sleeping environment or an erratic schedule
sleep loss
fibromyalgia, anxiety, Parkinson’s disease, and arthritis are all conditions associated with _________
hyposomnia
anaemia, hypothyroidism and some PTSD cases are associated with __________
hypersomnia
Despite the opportunity for adequate sleep, sleep is absent or inadequate which includes the inability to fall asleep this definition is describing
insomnia
T/F for diagnosis of insomnia daytime functioning must be impaired
true
___________ insomnia; lasts up to a week and is often referred to as adjustment sleep disorder
Transient
_____-_____ insomnia lasts up to about 6 months, usually associated with a longer stressful situation
short-term
______ insomnia: lasting more than 6 months
chronic
_________ insomnia; diagnosed when there is no identifiable cause
primary
______ ______ is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep - one or more breaths are missed, occurring repeatedly during sleep
sleep apnea
T/F a person is fully aware when they have sleep apnea
false
co-factors for sleep apnea include __________ and _______
hypertension and obesity
T/F sleep apnea is repeatedly diagnosed
false
there are __ types of sleep apnea
3
________ sleep apnea is the most common type and is due to muscle relaxation during sleep as the collapsible walls of the throat obstruct breathing
obstructive
during __________ sleep apnea, the brain will not allow itself to go into deeper sleep spaces
obstructive
some signs and symptoms of __________ sleep apnea include morning headaches, depression and weight gain
obstructive
________ sleep apnea is a result of imbalances in the brain’s respiratory control centre during sleep
central
__________ sleep apnea usually includes a slow reaction to CO2 build-up
central
during central sleep apnea, the person may cycle between apnea and compensatory ___________ (fast breathing)
hyperpnea
T/F CSA can be very hard on the heart over time
true
T/F CSA is one of the causes of sudden death
true
the third sleep apnea category is ________/complex sleep apnea: it is a mixture of the two
mixed
T/F learning to play the didgeridoo is a good way to treat obstructive sleep apnea
true
__________ rhythm sleep disorders are characterized by disruptions in the normal day/night sleep cycle although total sleep time falls within normal range
circadian
T/F 7-10% of insomnia complaints stem from circadian rhythm sleep disorders
true
T/F shift workers are the only ones immune to circadian rhythm sleep disorders
false, they are most likely to develop circadian rhythm disorders
There are __ types of circadian rhythm disorders
3
the most common types of circadian rhythm disorder is __________ sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)
delayed
_____ is loosely defined as persistent inability to fall asleep and wake up at normal times
DSPS
_________ sleep phase syndrome is much less common - the person falls asleep and wakes up very early
advanced
T/F advanced sleep phase syndrome is normally seen in senior populations
true
_________ sleep-wake cycles; very abnormal sleep not containing normal ultradian or circadian cycles
irregular
_________ is characterized by dysfunction and inappropriate regulation of REM sleep
narcolepsy
narcolepsy exhibits features of ___ sleep at _____ times
REM, NREM
“sleep attacks” often happen in someone with _________
narcolepsy
T/F people with narcolepsy have vivid dreams even during short naps
true
70% of people with narcolepsy also experience _________; episodes of loss of muscle control of varying severity
cataplexy
the avg age onset for narcolepsy is __
15
Abnormal _______ receptors have been identified in patients with narcolepsy
orexin
narcolepsy includes immune modulation abnormalities involved ___ subtypes, which has caused speculation about whether something is an autoimmune condition
HLA
___________; undesirable motor or verbal phenomena that occur during sleep
parasomnias
_________ _______; brief episodes of non-waking arousal usually occurring early in the night
confusional arousal
________ _______; person arising out of stage 3/4 NREM sits up and screams - often very aggressive physically
sleep terrors
the following symptoms usually cause _______ ________; sleep deprivation, trauma and medications
sleep terrors
__________; arises out of 3/4 stage NREM, person gets up and ambulates; lasts longer than sleep terrors but not usually more than 10-15 min
sleep walking
T/F sleepwalking has a genetic component
true
attempts to awaken the person sleepwalking can be unsuccessful and result in __________ responses
aggressive
anxiety, stress and sleep deprivation can all trigger _______ ________
sleep walking
_______ ________; jaw clenching and or teeth grinding during sleep
sleep bruxism
_______ ________ (Somniloquy) occurs in stage 1/2 NREM, person talks in clear words or even sentences
sleep talking
similar to sleep talking, other light sleep behavioral phenomena include sleep ___ and sleep _______
sex, texting
___ sleep behaviour disorders happen primarily in senior populations and can be associated with Parkinson’s patients as well as people with dementia
REM
a person with a REM sleep disorder can lash out at sleep partner or try to make an _______ resulting in injury or death in extreme cases
escape
T/F REM sleep behaviour disorders can be brought on by antidepressant use
true
