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T4 Systems > Dementia & Alzheimer's > Flashcards

Dementia & Alzheimer's Flashcards

1
Q

_________ the activities of thinking, understanding, learning and remembering

A

cognition

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2
Q

awareness and attentiveness to ones environment is a part of _________

A

cognition

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3
Q

mental abilities related to _________ and ________ are a part of cognition

A

creativity and expression

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4
Q

T/F factors related to “intelligence” are a part of cognition

A

true

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5
Q

__________; the acquisition of knowledge or skills

A

learning

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6
Q

while older brains may be less ______ at certain types of learning, they can be stronger than others

A

adept

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7
Q

T/F normal aging imposes some adaptive changes on the ability to learn

A

true

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8
Q

acquiring new or modifying and reinforcing existing values and preferences falls under ___________

A

learning

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9
Q

____________; characteristics revealed in an enduring pattern of behavior in various situations

A

personality

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10
Q

T/F personality is 70% genetics

A

false, 50%

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11
Q

social cognition is aka ___________ ____________

A

emotional intelligence

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12
Q

“handling situations” with insight, compassion, finesse and integrity is an example of ___________ ___________

A

emotional intelligence

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13
Q

the general term for decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

A

dementia

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14
Q

T/F instead of “loss of memory” dementia is more of a memory impairment

A

true

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15
Q

which of the following is a key characteristic of dementia that is lost or diminished?

a) ability to focus/ pay attention
b) memory function
c) recognition of self and others
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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16
Q

T/F people with dementia often struggle with emotional regulation and interpersonal boundaries

A

true

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17
Q

T/F dementia is a disease in and of itself

A

false

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18
Q

____% of Canadians live with dementia

A

14.9%

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19
Q

approximately 50% of the population who lives with dementia is over __ years of age

a) 40
b) 60
c) 85
d) 72

A

c) 85

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20
Q

T/F dementia is a normal part of aging and will happen to everyone eventually

A

false

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21
Q

___________ _________ causes 60-80% of dementia cases

A

Alzheimers Disease

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22
Q

60-80% of dementia cases stem from ____________ ___________

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

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23
Q

T/F AD is always genetic

A

false

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24
Q

_______ ______ cases of Alzheimer’s are considered to have more genetic involvement

A

earlier onset

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25
Q

________ ________ virtually inevitably leads to AD by around age 40

A

down syndrome

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26
Q

which of the following is considered to be a risk factor for dementia?

a) age
b) sex
c) hypertension
d) previous head injury
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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27
Q

___________ dementia is the second most common cause, resulting from damage/disease that directly affects the large and or small blood vessels that supply the brain

A

vascular

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28
Q

major risk factors for vascular dementia includes; __________, hypertension, poor diet and ___________ lifestyle

A

smoking, sedentary

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29
Q

T/F with vascular dementia, there may be more pronounced psychomotor slowness and depression tendencies

A

true

30
Q

T/F personality is completely lost when one has vascular dementia

A

false

31
Q

_____ ______ dementia is closely related to Parkinson’s disease

A

lewy body

32
Q

T/F 20% of people with Parkinson’s develop dementia

A

true

33
Q

__________ ___________ syndrome (WKS) is dementia that occurs in longterm alcoholics

A

wernicke korsakoff syndrome

34
Q

T/F WKS can also occur with advanced cancer, AIDS or long standing dialysis

A

true

35
Q

___ is categorized by diplopia, nystagmus, ataxia and memory impairment

A

WKS

36
Q

T/F with WKS everyday thinking and social skills are diminished to zero

A

false

37
Q

_____________ dementia (FTD) includes a cluster of rarer types such as primary progressive aphasia and progressive supranuclear palsy

A

frontotemporal dementia

38
Q

with this kind of dementia, atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes are primarily affected

A

frontotemporal dementia

39
Q

T/F changes in personality and behaviour are uncommon in patients with FTD

A

false, they are very common and can be quite extreme

40
Q

onset of FTD is between ___-___ years of age

A

35-75

41
Q

___________ disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder - meaning if one parent has it, 50% of offspring has it

A

huntington’s disease

42
Q

Huntington’s disease causes ________ _____ in parts of the basal ganglia and severely diminishes of GABA and acetylcholine

A

neuronal death

43
Q

T/F people with huntington’s disease are more prone to institutionalized due to anger control issues

A

true

44
Q

a central feature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is death of ________ and ______ of large brain sections

A

neurons, atrophy

45
Q

___-___% of loss of brain mass is possible

A

40-50%

46
Q

the progression of AD is _________ to ___________

A

anterior to posterior

47
Q

lesions develop earliest in the _______ _______ cortical areas

A

front brain

48
Q

there are 2 types of lesions called neuritic __________ and neurofibrillary __________

A

plaques, tangles

49
Q

Extracellular deposits of an insoluble gloopy material called _____ _________ protein - this is characteristic of neuritic plaques

A

beta-amyloid

50
Q

as the neurons begin to deteriorate, beta-amyloid proteins are severed in large numbers and end up __________ together with cellular fragments and telodentritic ends

A

clumping

51
Q

T/F the presence of neuritic plaques impedes synaptic activity and promotes inflammation

A

true

52
Q

__________ __________, result from the death of the neurons in microtubules. These neurons eventually decompose however these tiny rock-like structures remain

A

neurofibrillary tangles

53
Q

losing one’s ability to pay bills, neglecting to bathe, and asking the same question repeatedly - these are all _____ __________ of AD

A

early indicators

54
Q

the beginning of personality shifts starts in the _____ stage of AD

A

early

55
Q

the early stage of Alzheimer’s lasts roughly ___-___ years

A

2-4

56
Q

anxiety, frustration, and confusion in complex/ overwhelming situations is present in the _____ stages of AD

A

early

57
Q

T/F a person’s physical health is extremely altered in the early stages of AD

A

false

58
Q

in the earlier stages of AD a person may resort to using ________ and stereotypes as a form of communication

A

cliches

59
Q

T/F neurofibrillary tangles cannot be reabsorbed

A

true

60
Q

in AD the ___ proteins become unusually bonded with phosphates and turn into clumps

A

tau

61
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are a _________ marker of AD, experts are unsure of whether it is a cause or effect of neuronal destruction

A

histological

62
Q

more pronounced difficulty with insight and abstract through occurs during the _________ stage of AD

A

moderate

63
Q

___________ syndrome; anxiety, restlessness, and agitation that increases in the late afternoon through the evening

A

sundown

64
Q

_________; loss of understanding of the purpose or usage of tools, or body parts

A

apraxia

65
Q

apraxia and sundown syndrome occur during the _________ stage of AD

A

moderate

66
Q

strange food preferences and intense appetite occurs during the __________ stage of AD

A

Moderate

67
Q

profound inability to communicate verbally may occur during ________ stage AD

A

severe

68
Q

sudden large mood swings, delirium and hallucinations may occur during ________ stage AD

A

severe

69
Q

the top three reasons of death in AD patients includes ___________, ____________/_________ or _______ failure

A

pneumonia, starvation/dehydration or organ failure

70
Q

anorexia and the loss of swallowing reflex are typical in a ______ stage of AD

A

severe

71
Q

reduction of anxiety, skin health support and slower heart rate are all effects of __________ in patients with dementia/AD

A

massage

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