Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
from the exterior, the lungs are protected by the __________ ______
A
thoracic cage
2
Q
the ________ border of the thoracic cage is the cervical musculature
A
superior
3
Q
the __________ border of the thoracic cage is the respiratory diaphragm
A
inferior
4
Q
the ribs, sternum and intercostals are the ________ and _________ borders of the thoracic cage
A
anterior and lateral
5
Q
the thoracic vertebrae are the __________ border of the thoracic cage
A
posterior
6
Q
the lungs are the __________ unit of the respiratory system
A
functional
7
Q
each lung has an _____ and a ______
A
apex and base
8
Q
the right lung has __ lobes
A
3
9
Q
the right lung has __ fissures
A
2
10
Q
the left lung has ___ lobes
A
2
11
Q
the left lung has ___ fissure
A
1
12
Q
a unique feature of the left lobe is the ________ notch
A
cardiac
13
Q
_________ arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs for oxygenation
A
pulmonary
14
Q
pulmonary _______ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
A
veins
15
Q
when oxygenated blood is sent from the left ventricle to the aorta which then pumps the blood to the body’s arterial network to disperse to the tissues; this is known as ____________ circulation
A
systemic
16
Q
the _________ arteries arise from the thoracic aorta and provide the lung tissues with nutrients and oxygen
A
bronchial
17
Q
the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________
A
gas exchange
18
Q
the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________
A
gas exchange
19
Q
gas exchange takes place in the respiratory airways at the __________ level
A
alveolar
20
Q
___________ respiration involves exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane
A
pulmonary
21
Q
the respiratory system can be __________ classified into two zones
A
structurally
22
Q
the ________ respiratory tracts involves all the structures above the larynx
A
upper
23
Q
the ________ respiratory tract involves all structures below the larynx
A
lower
24
Q
the respiratory system can be ________ classified into two zones
A
functionally
25
the two zones of functional classification are the ___________ zone and the ____________ zone
conducting zone and the respiratory zone
26
the __________ zone consists of the structures that make up the physical passageway of air into the body
conducting
27
the _________ zone is where gas exchange takes place
respiratory
28
the _________ bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi at the level of T___
trachea, T4
29
the left and right bronchi enter the lungs through slits called the _______
hilus
30
the primary bronchi branch into the ________ bronchi aka lobar bronchi
secondary
31
the secondary bronchi divide into _________ bronchi aka segmental bronchi
tertiary
32
the tertiary bronchi divide into __________ and finally the terminal bronchioles
bronchioles
33
T/F terminal bronchioles are the last structure within the conducting zone
true
34
T/F both cartilage content and smooth muscle content decrease from the trachea to the alveoli
true
35
gas change occurs in the respiratory ____________
bronchioles
36
respiratory bronchioles progress to form with the _________ ducts
alveolar ducts
37
alveolar ducts have alveolar ____
sacs
38
the alveoli and the corresponding terminal bronchiole form a functional unit called an ________
acinus
39
there are ___-___ acini per pulmonary lobule
5-7
40
________ are comprised of simple squamous epithelium
alveoli
41
T/F alveoli are supported by an elastic basement membrane
true
42
there are ___ types alveolar cells
3
43
type _____ alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelium walls with fibroblasts
one
44
type _____ alveolar cells: septal cells - metabolically active cells that secrete surfactant
two
45
type _____ alveolar cells are macrophages - large phagocytic cells that engulf foreign material
three
46
there are two main events that occur when breathing; __________ and ___________
inhalation and exhalation
47
during inhalation, the central cord pulls the diaphragm inferiorly, as a result the thoracic volume ___________ while intrathoracic pressure decreases
increases
48
inhalation creates a __________, resulting in an influx of air in the lungs
vacuum
49
diaphragmatic movement also assists with venous return by way of _________ the vena cava
pumping
50
during exhalation, thoracic volume ________ as the diaphragm ascends and pulmonary pressure increases
decreases
51
the __________ descends downward during inhalation, increasing thoracic volume
diaphragm
52
the ________ intercostal muscles lift the ribs during inhalation, increasing internal thoracic volume
external
53
the _________ are accessory muscles of breathing and activate to lift the upper 2 ribs
scalenes
54
the ____ is an accessory muscle of breathing and activates to lift the sternum and clavicle
SCM
55
the pectoralis _______ is an accessory muscle of respiration, activating to elevate ribs 3-5
minor
56
__________ expiration involves the contraction of the internal ______ muscles
forced
intercostals
57
T/F the forced expiration muscles are recruited during exercise, coughing and sneezing
true
58
surface tension of the ________ fluid affects pulmonary ventilation
alveolar
59
_________ of the lung affects pulmonary ventilation
compliance
60
how much effort is required to expand the lungs and chest wall is aka
lung compliance
61
T/F someone with high lung compliance will have an easier time expanding the lungs
true
62
________ resistance - relates to diameter of one's airway
airway
63
T/F a spinal cord injury can affect pulmonary ventilation
true
64
a punctured lung will cause a __________
pneumothorax
65
_________; a double layered serous membrane encapsulating the lungs
pleura
66
T/F there are 3 pleura
false, there are two
67
the __________ pleura, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
parietal
68
T/F the visceral pleura is pain sensitive
false, the parietal pleura is pain sensitive
69
the ________ pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs
visceral
70
the pleura cavity is the ________ space between the two pleural layers
potential
71
the pleural cavity contains fluid secreted by the pleura which decreases _________, allowing for smooth motions of the lungs with each breath
friction
72
the layers of the pleura and the elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall, creates a __________ _________ between the parietal and visceral layers
negative pressure
73
T/F the negative pressure does not assist with the mechanism of breathing
false
74
T/F the negative pressure helps keep the lungs inflated
true
75
the visceral layer pulls ________ and the parietal layer pulls __________, these two forces create the negative pressure within the pleural cavity
inwards
outwards
76
T/F air moves out of the lungs when the alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure
true
77
air moves _____ the lungs when the alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
into
78
non-respiratory air movements are those that do not aid with the process of respiration, these include __________,__________,_________ & _________
coughing,sneezing,laughing and crying
79
T/F non-respiratory movements are mostly reflex driven
true
80
_________ clears the lower respiratory tract
coughing
81
__________ clears the upper respiratory tract
sneezing
82
in order for coughing to be effective it requires _________ and adequate strength
coordination
83
coughing involves taking a deep breath, closing the _______ and forcing air upwards from the lungs against the closure
glottis
84
when the glottis is suddenly _______, and. blast of air is forced upwards from the lower respiratory tract, this rush of air normally clears the air passage
opened
85
cough receptors are located in the _________ where the trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi
larynx
86
T/F the primary bronchi is aka the carina
true
87
a ____________ cough produces expectorant
productive
88
an __________ cough may or may not be productive (strong but dry - may still be effective in loosening secretions for eventual expulsion)
effective
89
the sneeze reflex is usually initiated by a mild irritation in the lining of the ________ cavity
nasal
90
the sneeze reflex is carried via the ___________ nerve
trigeminal
91
a blast of air through the _______ directed into the nasal passages by depressing the _______, thus closing the opening between the pharynx and the oral cavity
glottis
uvula
92
shortness of breath or ________ is a normal symptom of heavy exertion
dyspnea
93
T/F dyspnea is always considered pathological
false
94
when attempting to compensate for dyspnea one can take the ____________ position
breathlessness
95
___________, the presence of blood in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
96
____________, the presence of air/gas in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
97
___________ spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease
primary
98
the following are the risks of _____
- smoking
- family history of pneumothorax
PSP
99
___________ Spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease
primary
100
__________ spontaneous pneumothorax - pathologic due to an underlying lung pathology that alters normal lung structure/function i.e COPD, pneumonia, cancer
secondary
101
T/F secondary spontaneous pneumothorax heals quicker than primary spontaneous pneumothorax
false
102
the medical treatment for pneumothorax includes ________ ________ with or without supplemental oxygen
watchful waiting
103
__________ is an inflammation of the pleural membranes
pleuritis
104
pleuritis can be extremely painful, often __________ with abrupt onset
unilateral
105
T/F pleuritis pain may refer to the shoulder
true
106
T/F in cases of pleuritis, pain worsens when the inflamed pleura is stretched on breathing
true
107
___ pain is often bilateral and located around the lower ribs, irritated by coughing
MSK
108
________ pain is often sub-sternal and dull, "tightening" made worse by coughing but not deep breathing
bronchial
109
_________ pain is often substernal discomfort, not affected by respiratory movements
myocardial
110
_________ refers to an incomplete expansion of part of a lung or the entire lung
atelectasis
111
_________ may be caused by, obstruction, lung compression or lung collapse
atelectasis
112
T/F atelectasis may also interfere with secretion clearance from the lungs, leading to an increase risk of infection
true
113
the following are complications of ____________
-acute pneumonia
- bronchiectasis
- respiratory failure
- sepsis
-empyema
atelectasis
114
____________; a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity
empyema
115
the three sources of atelectasis include _________, ________ and _________
obstruction, compression and collapse
116
there are ___ types of atelectasis
2
117
atelectasis _________ (primary atelectasis) implies the lung has never been inflated or has not inflated properly
neonatorum
118
T/F atelectasis neonatorum may be complete or partial
true
119
primary atelectasis is most often seen in ________ or other high risk births
premature
120
__________ atelectasis implies the collapse of all or part of a lung that has previously been inflated
aquired
121
________ atelectasis is often caused by obstruction or compression
aquired
122
_________ is a common, chronic, inflammatory disorder of the airway
asthma
123
chronic inflammation increases airway ______________ and results in decreased airflow in susceptible individuals - this inflammation causes episodes of __________, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing
hyperresponsiveness
wheezing
124
T/F asthma attacks are common in the mid-afternoon
false, they are common at night or early in the morning
125
there are two main types of asthma, __________ and ___ _______
allergic and non allergic
126
T/F status asthmaticus is a medical emergency
true
127
________ ____________; asthma attack lasting for several hours and unresponsive to medical treatment
status asthmatiucs
128
T/F during status asthmaticus, the patient may become cyanotic from lack of oxygen
true
129
cases of atopic asthma _______ the age of 35 tend to be precipitated by known triggers i.e pollen, dust, cigarette smoke, etc
under
130
cases of atopic asthma in people ______ 35 years of age tend to be stress-related or due to chronic exposure to inhaled pollutants or chemicals
over
131
_________ are the strongest predisposing factor for asthma
allergies
132
________ asthma triggers include
dust mites
animal dancer
cockroaches
rodents
indoor mold
allergic
133
_____ ________ triggers for asthma include
cold/dry air
exercise
exposure to strong scents
other respiratory infections
non-allergic
134
