Respiratory Flashcards
from the exterior, the lungs are protected by the __________ ______
thoracic cage
the ________ border of the thoracic cage is the cervical musculature
superior
the __________ border of the thoracic cage is the respiratory diaphragm
inferior
the ribs, sternum and intercostals are the ________ and _________ borders of the thoracic cage
anterior and lateral
the thoracic vertebrae are the __________ border of the thoracic cage
posterior
the lungs are the __________ unit of the respiratory system
functional
each lung has an _____ and a ______
apex and base
the right lung has __ lobes
3
the right lung has __ fissures
2
the left lung has ___ lobes
2
the left lung has ___ fissure
1
a unique feature of the left lobe is the ________ notch
cardiac
_________ arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary
pulmonary _______ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
veins
when oxygenated blood is sent from the left ventricle to the aorta which then pumps the blood to the body’s arterial network to disperse to the tissues; this is known as ____________ circulation
systemic
the _________ arteries arise from the thoracic aorta and provide the lung tissues with nutrients and oxygen
bronchial
the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________
gas exchange
the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________
gas exchange
gas exchange takes place in the respiratory airways at the __________ level
alveolar
___________ respiration involves exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane
pulmonary
the respiratory system can be __________ classified into two zones
structurally
the ________ respiratory tracts involves all the structures above the larynx
upper
the ________ respiratory tract involves all structures below the larynx
lower
the respiratory system can be ________ classified into two zones
functionally
the two zones of functional classification are the ___________ zone and the ____________ zone
conducting zone and the respiratory zone
the __________ zone consists of the structures that make up the physical passageway of air into the body
conducting
the _________ zone is where gas exchange takes place
respiratory
the _________ bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi at the level of T___
trachea, T4
the left and right bronchi enter the lungs through slits called the _______
hilus
the primary bronchi branch into the ________ bronchi aka lobar bronchi
secondary
the secondary bronchi divide into _________ bronchi aka segmental bronchi
tertiary
the tertiary bronchi divide into __________ and finally the terminal bronchioles
bronchioles
T/F terminal bronchioles are the last structure within the conducting zone
true
T/F both cartilage content and smooth muscle content decrease from the trachea to the alveoli
true
gas change occurs in the respiratory ____________
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles progress to form with the _________ ducts
alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts have alveolar ____
sacs
the alveoli and the corresponding terminal bronchiole form a functional unit called an ________
acinus
there are ___-___ acini per pulmonary lobule
5-7
________ are comprised of simple squamous epithelium
alveoli
T/F alveoli are supported by an elastic basement membrane
true
there are ___ types alveolar cells
3
type _____ alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelium walls with fibroblasts
one
type _____ alveolar cells: septal cells - metabolically active cells that secrete surfactant
two
type _____ alveolar cells are macrophages - large phagocytic cells that engulf foreign material
three
there are two main events that occur when breathing; __________ and ___________
inhalation and exhalation
during inhalation, the central cord pulls the diaphragm inferiorly, as a result the thoracic volume ___________ while intrathoracic pressure decreases
increases
inhalation creates a __________, resulting in an influx of air in the lungs
vacuum
diaphragmatic movement also assists with venous return by way of _________ the vena cava
pumping
during exhalation, thoracic volume ________ as the diaphragm ascends and pulmonary pressure increases
decreases
the __________ descends downward during inhalation, increasing thoracic volume
diaphragm
the ________ intercostal muscles lift the ribs during inhalation, increasing internal thoracic volume
external
the _________ are accessory muscles of breathing and activate to lift the upper 2 ribs
scalenes
the ____ is an accessory muscle of breathing and activates to lift the sternum and clavicle
SCM
the pectoralis _______ is an accessory muscle of respiration, activating to elevate ribs 3-5
minor
__________ expiration involves the contraction of the internal ______ muscles
forced
intercostals
T/F the forced expiration muscles are recruited during exercise, coughing and sneezing
true
surface tension of the ________ fluid affects pulmonary ventilation
alveolar
_________ of the lung affects pulmonary ventilation
compliance
how much effort is required to expand the lungs and chest wall is aka
lung compliance
T/F someone with high lung compliance will have an easier time expanding the lungs
true
________ resistance - relates to diameter of one’s airway
airway
T/F a spinal cord injury can affect pulmonary ventilation
true
a punctured lung will cause a __________
pneumothorax
_________; a double layered serous membrane encapsulating the lungs
pleura
T/F there are 3 pleura
false, there are two
the __________ pleura, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
parietal
T/F the visceral pleura is pain sensitive
false, the parietal pleura is pain sensitive
the ________ pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs
visceral
the pleura cavity is the ________ space between the two pleural layers
potential
the pleural cavity contains fluid secreted by the pleura which decreases _________, allowing for smooth motions of the lungs with each breath
friction
the layers of the pleura and the elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall, creates a __________ _________ between the parietal and visceral layers
negative pressure
T/F the negative pressure does not assist with the mechanism of breathing
false
T/F the negative pressure helps keep the lungs inflated
true
the visceral layer pulls ________ and the parietal layer pulls __________, these two forces create the negative pressure within the pleural cavity
inwards
outwards
T/F air moves out of the lungs when the alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure
true
air moves _____ the lungs when the alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
into
non-respiratory air movements are those that do not aid with the process of respiration, these include __________,__________,_________ & _________
coughing,sneezing,laughing and crying
T/F non-respiratory movements are mostly reflex driven
true
_________ clears the lower respiratory tract
coughing
__________ clears the upper respiratory tract
sneezing
in order for coughing to be effective it requires _________ and adequate strength
coordination
coughing involves taking a deep breath, closing the _______ and forcing air upwards from the lungs against the closure
glottis
when the glottis is suddenly _______, and. blast of air is forced upwards from the lower respiratory tract, this rush of air normally clears the air passage
opened
cough receptors are located in the _________ where the trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi
larynx
T/F the primary bronchi is aka the carina
true
a ____________ cough produces expectorant
productive
an __________ cough may or may not be productive (strong but dry - may still be effective in loosening secretions for eventual expulsion)
effective
the sneeze reflex is usually initiated by a mild irritation in the lining of the ________ cavity
nasal
the sneeze reflex is carried via the ___________ nerve
trigeminal
a blast of air through the _______ directed into the nasal passages by depressing the _______, thus closing the opening between the pharynx and the oral cavity
glottis
uvula
shortness of breath or ________ is a normal symptom of heavy exertion
dyspnea
T/F dyspnea is always considered pathological
false
when attempting to compensate for dyspnea one can take the ____________ position
breathlessness
___________, the presence of blood in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
____________, the presence of air/gas in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
___________ spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease
primary
the following are the risks of _____
- smoking
- family history of pneumothorax
PSP
___________ Spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease
primary
__________ spontaneous pneumothorax - pathologic due to an underlying lung pathology that alters normal lung structure/function i.e COPD, pneumonia, cancer
secondary
T/F secondary spontaneous pneumothorax heals quicker than primary spontaneous pneumothorax
false
the medical treatment for pneumothorax includes ________ ________ with or without supplemental oxygen
watchful waiting
__________ is an inflammation of the pleural membranes
pleuritis
pleuritis can be extremely painful, often __________ with abrupt onset
unilateral
T/F pleuritis pain may refer to the shoulder
true
T/F in cases of pleuritis, pain worsens when the inflamed pleura is stretched on breathing
true
___ pain is often bilateral and located around the lower ribs, irritated by coughing
MSK
________ pain is often sub-sternal and dull, “tightening” made worse by coughing but not deep breathing
bronchial
_________ pain is often substernal discomfort, not affected by respiratory movements
myocardial
_________ refers to an incomplete expansion of part of a lung or the entire lung
atelectasis
_________ may be caused by, obstruction, lung compression or lung collapse
atelectasis
T/F atelectasis may also interfere with secretion clearance from the lungs, leading to an increase risk of infection
true
the following are complications of ____________
-acute pneumonia
- bronchiectasis
- respiratory failure
- sepsis
-empyema
atelectasis
____________; a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity
empyema
the three sources of atelectasis include _________, ________ and _________
obstruction, compression and collapse
there are ___ types of atelectasis
2
atelectasis _________ (primary atelectasis) implies the lung has never been inflated or has not inflated properly
neonatorum
T/F atelectasis neonatorum may be complete or partial
true
primary atelectasis is most often seen in ________ or other high risk births
premature
__________ atelectasis implies the collapse of all or part of a lung that has previously been inflated
aquired
________ atelectasis is often caused by obstruction or compression
aquired
_________ is a common, chronic, inflammatory disorder of the airway
asthma
chronic inflammation increases airway ______________ and results in decreased airflow in susceptible individuals - this inflammation causes episodes of __________, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing
hyperresponsiveness
wheezing
T/F asthma attacks are common in the mid-afternoon
false, they are common at night or early in the morning
there are two main types of asthma, __________ and ___ _______
allergic and non allergic
T/F status asthmaticus is a medical emergency
true
________ ____________; asthma attack lasting for several hours and unresponsive to medical treatment
status asthmatiucs
T/F during status asthmaticus, the patient may become cyanotic from lack of oxygen
true
cases of atopic asthma _______ the age of 35 tend to be precipitated by known triggers i.e pollen, dust, cigarette smoke, etc
under
cases of atopic asthma in people ______ 35 years of age tend to be stress-related or due to chronic exposure to inhaled pollutants or chemicals
over
_________ are the strongest predisposing factor for asthma
allergies
________ asthma triggers include
dust mites
animal dancer
cockroaches
rodents
indoor mold
allergic
_____ ________ triggers for asthma include
cold/dry air
exercise
exposure to strong scents
other respiratory infections
non-allergic
