Concussions, PCS & CTE

Question 1

___________: the most common and least severe type of brain injury, however, not to be taken lightly

Answer 1

concussions

Question 2

more than ___% of concussions occur from sports injuries

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

T/F a person who has had a concussion in the past is at a greater risk for having another one

Answer 3

true

Question 4

concussions alter _______ metabolism and excitability

Answer 4

neuron

Question 5

_________ neurotransmitters are released as a result of the traumatic injury and cause the brain to enter a state of __________ which can last 7-10 days

Answer 5

excitability, hypermetabolism

Question 6

the brain is quite susceptible to re-injury during ____________

Answer 6

hypermetabolism

Question 7

concussions are considered a type of ________ brain injury (as opposed to focal brain injury)

Answer 7

diffuse

Question 8

T/F the metabolic processes that follow concussions are reversible

Answer 8

true

Question 9

_________ are the main symptom of concussions, frequently persisting for up to two weeks maybe more as well as dizziness or lightheadedness

Answer 9

headaches

Question 10

the following are ________ S/S of a concussion

• nausea
• fatigue
  -insomnia
  -tinnitus
  -diplopia

Answer 10

physical

Question 11

the following are ________ symptoms of concussion

• irritability
• depression
  -anxiety
  -lack of emotion

Answer 11

emotional

Question 12

the following are __________ symptoms of a concussion

• memory deficits
• impaired judgment
• difficulty with abstract thinking
• difficulty concentrating

Answer 12

cognitive

Question 13

T/F intensity and duration of symptoms always correlates with concussion grades

Answer 13

false

Question 14

T/F NREM sleep is imperative for the concussion healing process

Answer 14

true

Question 15

____ - ________ syndrome (PCS) occur following 15-20% of first concussions

Answer 15

post-concussion

Question 16

T/F the rate of PCS increases when the person has a history of more than one concussion

Answer 16

true

Question 17

T/F the onset of PCS correlates with the severity of the concussion or whether or not they lost consciousness

Answer 17

false

Question 18

PCS healing may be influenced by ____________ _________ such as a major stressor, alcohol/ drug use, or another head injury

Answer 18

subsequent events

Question 19

T/F it is unclear why some people develop PCS and others do not

Answer 19

true

Question 20

treatment for PCS is geared towards __________ management

Answer 20

symptom

Question 21

the following are S/S of _____

tinnitus
fatigue
impaired concentration and memory
noise and light sensitivity

Answer 21

PCS

Question 22

most of the common S/S of PCS are similar to those experienced with ___________ and ___________

Answer 22

anxiety and depression

Question 23

which of the following can exhibit fibromyalgia symptoms?

a) concussions
b) post-concussion syndrome
c) atherosclerosis

Answer 23

b) post-concussion syndrome

Question 24

T/F prozac is often prescribed to those suffering from PCS and works fairly well

Answer 24

true

Question 25

________ _________ _________________is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that develops in individuals with a history of concussive head impacts

Answer 25

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Question 26

CTE develops in people with a history of multiple ____________ and “sub” ___________

Answer 26

concussions x2

Question 27

the concept of sub-concussions as _________ _______, perhaps even asymptomatic, head and or whiplash events that repeatedly occur in the person’s life

Answer 27

lower grade

Question 28

if concussion history begins before the age of ___, the later developed CTE is most severe

Answer 28

12

Question 29

T/F genetics play a role in CTE

Answer 29

false

Question 30

first S/S of CTE appears 3-5 years or more after the _______ impact injury

a) first
b) last
c) 4th
d) 9th

Answer 30

b) last

Question 31

the primary lesion in CTE is ____ protein tangles, as in AD

Answer 31

tau

Question 32

in CTE the tau protein tangles are prominent in the cortex, the midbrain, and around ________ _________

Answer 32

blood vessels

Question 33

the lesions around blood vessels play a role in reducing ______ and ________

Answer 33

perfusion and drainage

Question 34

Stage _____ CTE, may be asymptomatic - when present; headaches, recent memory changes mood disorders and maybe some impulsivity

Answer 34

one

Question 35

Stage ____ CTE S/S - headaches, episodes of confusion, more memory loss, lack of insight, mood swings (major depression)

Answer 35

two

Question 36

episodes of rage, paranoia and aggression may all take place in a person with stage ____ CTE

Answer 36

two

Question 37

stage _____ CTE includes; obvious cognitive defects, marked memory impairments, aphasias, psychosis, gradual motor dysfunction

Answer 37

three

Question 38

bradykinesia, festination, vertigo, and hearing loss are all possible S/S of stage ______ CTE

Answer 38

three

Question 39

person hiding symptoms well is typical of CTE stage _____

Answer 39

one

Question 40

hallucinations, visuospatial problems, and executive dysfunction are all S/S of CTE stage _____

Answer 40

three

Question 41

full-blown dementia, severely impaired communication, prominent psychosis and hallucinations are all possible S/S of stage ______ CTE

Answer 41

four

Question 42

motor dysfunctions usually in the parkinsonism mode is a common symptom of CTE stage ____

Answer 42

four

Question 43

T/F a person with stage four CTE will often need constant care

Answer 43

true

Question 44

T/F CTE has a high incidence of suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and successful suicides. There is also considerable risk of crimes of violent aggression and murder

Answer 44

true

Question 45

T/F as of yet there is no diagnostic marker or tool for CTE. Confirmation of diagnosis is only available through autopsy

Answer 45

true

Question 46

T/F there is a cure and specific treatment for CTE

Answer 46

false

Question 47

_________ and other supportive care for CTE are symptom-based

Answer 47

medications