Concussions, PCS & CTE Flashcards
___________: the most common and least severe type of brain injury, however, not to be taken lightly
concussions
more than ___% of concussions occur from sports injuries
50%
T/F a person who has had a concussion in the past is at a greater risk for having another one
true
concussions alter _______ metabolism and excitability
neuron
_________ neurotransmitters are released as a result of the traumatic injury and cause the brain to enter a state of __________ which can last 7-10 days
excitability, hypermetabolism
the brain is quite susceptible to re-injury during ____________
hypermetabolism
concussions are considered a type of ________ brain injury (as opposed to focal brain injury)
diffuse
T/F the metabolic processes that follow concussions are reversible
true
_________ are the main symptom of concussions, frequently persisting for up to two weeks maybe more as well as dizziness or lightheadedness
headaches
the following are ________ S/S of a concussion
- nausea
- fatigue
-insomnia
-tinnitus
-diplopia
physical
the following are ________ symptoms of concussion
- irritability
- depression
-anxiety
-lack of emotion
emotional
the following are __________ symptoms of a concussion
- memory deficits
- impaired judgment
- difficulty with abstract thinking
- difficulty concentrating
cognitive
T/F intensity and duration of symptoms always correlates with concussion grades
false
T/F NREM sleep is imperative for the concussion healing process
true
____ - ________ syndrome (PCS) occur following 15-20% of first concussions
post-concussion
T/F the rate of PCS increases when the person has a history of more than one concussion
true
T/F the onset of PCS correlates with the severity of the concussion or whether or not they lost consciousness
false
PCS healing may be influenced by ____________ _________ such as a major stressor, alcohol/ drug use, or another head injury
subsequent events
T/F it is unclear why some people develop PCS and others do not
true
treatment for PCS is geared towards __________ management
symptom
the following are S/S of _____
tinnitus
fatigue
impaired concentration and memory
noise and light sensitivity
PCS
most of the common S/S of PCS are similar to those experienced with ___________ and ___________
anxiety and depression
which of the following can exhibit fibromyalgia symptoms?
a) concussions
b) post-concussion syndrome
c) atherosclerosis
b) post-concussion syndrome
T/F prozac is often prescribed to those suffering from PCS and works fairly well
true
________ _________ _________________is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that develops in individuals with a history of concussive head impacts
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
CTE develops in people with a history of multiple ____________ and “sub” ___________
concussions x2
the concept of sub-concussions as _________ _______, perhaps even asymptomatic, head and or whiplash events that repeatedly occur in the person’s life
lower grade
if concussion history begins before the age of ___, the later developed CTE is most severe
12
T/F genetics play a role in CTE
false
first S/S of CTE appears 3-5 years or more after the _______ impact injury
a) first
b) last
c) 4th
d) 9th
b) last
the primary lesion in CTE is ____ protein tangles, as in AD
tau
in CTE the tau protein tangles are prominent in the cortex, the midbrain, and around ________ _________
blood vessels
the lesions around blood vessels play a role in reducing ______ and ________
perfusion and drainage
Stage _____ CTE, may be asymptomatic - when present; headaches, recent memory changes mood disorders and maybe some impulsivity
one
Stage ____ CTE S/S - headaches, episodes of confusion, more memory loss, lack of insight, mood swings (major depression)
two
episodes of rage, paranoia and aggression may all take place in a person with stage ____ CTE
two
stage _____ CTE includes; obvious cognitive defects, marked memory impairments, aphasias, psychosis, gradual motor dysfunction
three
bradykinesia, festination, vertigo, and hearing loss are all possible S/S of stage ______ CTE
three
person hiding symptoms well is typical of CTE stage _____
one
hallucinations, visuospatial problems, and executive dysfunction are all S/S of CTE stage _____
three
full-blown dementia, severely impaired communication, prominent psychosis and hallucinations are all possible S/S of stage ______ CTE
four
motor dysfunctions usually in the parkinsonism mode is a common symptom of CTE stage ____
four
T/F a person with stage four CTE will often need constant care
true
T/F CTE has a high incidence of suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and successful suicides. There is also considerable risk of crimes of violent aggression and murder
true
T/F as of yet there is no diagnostic marker or tool for CTE. Confirmation of diagnosis is only available through autopsy
true
T/F there is a cure and specific treatment for CTE
false
_________ and other supportive care for CTE are symptom-based
medications
