CNS infections, Cerebral palsy & Hematomas

Question 1

routine bacteria is referred to as a _________ infection

Answer 1

pyogenic

Question 2

viruses are referred to as a _____________ infection

Answer 2

lymphocytic

Question 3

yeast, fungi, molds, and super bacteria are referred to as _____________ infections

Answer 3

granulomatous

Question 4

an infection in the brain parenchyma is known as ____________

Answer 4

encephalitis

Question 5

an infection in the brain-protective membranes is known as __________

Answer 5

meningitis

Question 6

an infection in the spinal cord parenchyma is known as ________

Answer 6

myelitis

Question 7

an infection in the spinal cord protective membranes is known as _________ ____________

Answer 7

spinal meningitis

Question 8

T/F all types of CNS infections have similarities to the flu at onset

Answer 8

true

Question 9

there is a concern that there can easily be a ____________ of “bad flu” in a situation that is time sensitive

Answer 9

misdiagnosis

Question 10

fever, fatigue, anorexia, digestive upset, headache, muscle and joint achiness/pain are all symptoms of a possible ___ __________

Answer 10

CNS infection

Question 11

T/F it is important to be alert for any presence of neurological signs, which immediately suggest a more ominous problem

Answer 11

true

Question 12

photophobia, phonophobia, altered vision, altered speech, disorientation, and motor weakness are all __________ symptoms that can be considered something that may need immediate medical attention

Answer 12

neurological

Question 13

in the context of the onset of flu S/S, the presence of one or more _________ ______ (indicating meninges inflammation) can also be an indicator

Answer 13

meningeal signs

Question 14

sudden onset unexplained severe neck pain & immobility, a positive brudzinski’s or kernig’s sign are all examples of _________ ______

Answer 14

meningeal signs

Question 15

T/F skin rash, petechiae and localized sepsis are all possible meningeal signs

Answer 15

true

Question 16

___________ sign is positive when forward neck flexion creates “explosive” pain in the head that often also shoots down the spine, person reflexively goes into the fetal position (traction on the upper meninges)

Answer 16

Brudzinkis

Question 17

_________ sign is positive when hip flexion + knee extension (unilateral or bilateral) causes intense pain along the spine that may also shoot into the head - the person reflexively goes into the fetal position (traction on the lower meninges)

Answer 17

Kernig’s

Question 18

the ________ and __________ types of CNS infection typically have sudden, acute onsets

Answer 18

pyogenic and lymphocytic

Question 19

_____________ infections sometimes have acute onset but most times it is a gradual onset

Answer 19

granulomatous

Question 20

there is a significant incidence of __________ _____________ infections (young children, elderly, immunocompromised, very ill are most vulnerable)

Answer 20

opportunistic granulomatous

Question 21

some organisms such as ___________ have the capacity to make a healthy adult dangerously ill

Answer 21

meningococcus

Question 22

T/F the lymphocytic types have the best survival and recovery rate

Answer 22

true

Question 23

for meningitis - when the disease is diagnosed early and adequate tx is started __ - ___% of patients die, typically within 24-48 hours after the onset of symptoms

Answer 23

5-10%

Question 24

when meningitis is diagnosed late or left untreated up to __% of patients may die

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

for encephalitis, diagnosed early and treated the death rate is __-__%, diagnosed late or untreated is __-__%

Answer 25

3-20% treated 50-75% untreated

Question 26

______________ types have the highest fatality rate, in part because they are often occurring in the immunocompromised

Answer 26

granulomatous

Question 27

the following are examples of _______ impairments following CNS infections: mental health disorders/personality change, cognitive memory issues, epilepsy and headaches/pain syndromes

Answer 27

ongoing

Question 28

_________ ______ is a general term that describes a group of disorders that appear during the first few years of life and affect a child’s motor abilities

Answer 28

cerebral palsy

Question 29

cerebral palsy damage can occur during _______ ________

Answer 29

fetal development

Question 30

in cerebral palsy, the ________ ________ centers are primarily affected

Answer 30

higher motor

Question 31

T/F cerebral palsy is easily curable

Answer 31

false

Question 32

T/F cerebral palsy is usually congenital

Answer 32

true

Question 33

for many years, doctors and researchers believed that cerebral palsy was almost exclusively caused by lack of _________ (hypoxia, anoxia) during the birth process

Answer 33

oxygen

Question 34

abnormal brain development before birth, disturbance to brain circulation before birth, maternal infection during pregnancy, high fever, and severe jaundice in newborns may be alternative causes for ________ ________

Answer 34

cerebral palsy

Question 35

although less common, cerebral palsy may also result from occurrences affecting the CNS through ______ _______ or toxicity

Answer 35

head trauma

Question 36

T/F most children with cerebral palsy do not have any clinically apparent problems during development in the womb

Answer 36

true

Question 37

there are _______ major types of cerebral palsy

Answer 37

three

Question 38

________ cerebral palsy; occurring in 60% of patients with CP, muscles tend to be hypertonic, and also have spastic episodes - can affect both legs or one side of the body but more commonly the whole body is affected

Answer 38

spastic

Question 39

__________ cerebral palsy; about 1 in 5 people with cerebral palsy have this form which is also referred to as extrapyramidal cerebral palsy. Usually affects the whole body and causes slow BL involuntary movements where the limbs appear to “Writhe”

Answer 39

athetotic

Question 40

_________ cerebral palsy is the least common of the major types. It affects balance and coordination and has the characteristic ataxic gait

Answer 40

ataxic

Question 41

some children have signs and symptoms of more than one type of CP, which may be referred to as a ________ form of the condition

Answer 41

mixed

Question 42

in addition to the primary motor dysfunction already mentioned, CP may include ________ gait, _________ and ________

Answer 42

scissors gait, dysarthria, tremors

Question 43

T/F cerebral palsy is not a progressive condition, however health status may deteriorate over time as a result of effects of the condition

Answer 43

true

Question 44

contracture and arthritic changes in patients with CP also create higher ______ levels and reduced ________ ability

Answer 44

pain, functional

Question 45

individuals with severe cases may need a _________ and extensive _________ care but many mild or moderate cases require little or no special assistance for daily activities

Answer 45

wheelchair, lifelong

Question 46

the two most common traumatic bleed types are _______ and ________ hematomas, both are dangerous and important for the RMT to be alert about

Answer 46

epidural, subdural

Question 47

our focus is twofold; _____of S/S and awareness of what makes someone more high risk

Answer 47

onset

Question 48

___________ hematoma; is a higher pressure arterial l bleed, often from one of the meningeal artery branches, caused by a skull fracture or other traumatic impact

Answer 48

epidural

Question 49

the blood forces its way between the _______ skull bone periosteum and the _______ ______, snapping the sharpey’s fibers and disrupting the structural support that holds it to the skull

Answer 49

internal, dura mater

Question 50

in an epidural hematoma, brain tissue _______ as blood rushed into the enlarging space

Answer 50

collapses

Question 51

with epidural hematomas, brain damage can ensue, and there is a __________ of time in which medical treatment can be successful in evacuating blood and controlling flow and tissue damage

Answer 51

window

Question 52

T/F epidural hematomas are likely to be fatal when the window of time is lost

Answer 52

true

Question 53

S/S onset of an epidural hematoma occurs within a few hours to 3 ____ from the impact, bleeding may start right away or the injured vessel may take a bit of time to “blow”

Answer 53

days

Question 54

epidural hematoma S/S onset is usually a very intense “unusual” ________ accompanied by nausea/vomiting

Answer 54

headache

Question 55

onset of S/S of shock is typical in an _________ hematoma

Answer 55

epidural

Question 56

altered consciousness and the patient eventually slipping into a coma are S/S of an _________ hematoma

Answer 56

epidural

Question 57

T/F people are awakened regularly after a concussion to ensure they do not slip into a coma

Answer 57

true

Question 58

a _________ hematoma is a slower, lower-pressure bleed, typically venous or microvascular

Answer 58

subdural

Question 59

the blood accumulates in the space between the dura mater and the brain, sometimes staying above the arachnoid mater, sometimes seeping below - this is a typical presentation of a ____________ hematoma

Answer 59

subdural

Question 60

T/F it can take some time before enough blood accumulates to pressurized the brain; therefore it can be days or weeks before S/S appear in cases of a subdural hematoma

Answer 60

true

Question 61

T/F in a subdural hematoma the brain tissue typically collapses in the epidural hematoma manner

Answer 61

false

Question 62

pressure from sufficient accumulating blood can cause damage - this is indicative of a _________ hematoma

Answer 62

subdural

Question 63

the most common first S/S of a subdural hematoma is ________

Answer 63

dystaxia

Question 64

another very common symptom of a subdural hematoma is a _________

Answer 64

seizure

Question 65

T/F subdural hematomas have the potential to be fatal, but there is more time and opportunity for successful medical treatment

Answer 65

true

Question 66

T/F as an RMT you may be massaging someone with a developing subdural hematoma - therefore it is important to be alert for subtle signs

Answer 66

true

Question 67

people most at risk for head impacts and or “whiplash” mechanisms include which of the following

a) frequent fallers
b) professional drivers (taxis etc)
c) construction workers
d) all of the above

Answer 67

d) all of the above