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Comparative > Skulls- Reptiles Birds And Fish > Flashcards

Skulls- Reptiles Birds And Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cladistic tree

A

Common ancestor -> jaws-> lungs-> amniotic egg -> hair-> no tail -> bipedal

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2
Q

What are the four orders of living reptiles

A

Squamata
Chelonia
Crocodylia
Rhynchocephalia

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3
Q

What animals belong to the Squamata order

A

Snakes and lizards (scaled reptiles)

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4
Q

What animals belong to the Chelonia order

A

Turtles (have shells)

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5
Q

What animals belong to the crocodylia order

A

Crocodilians

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6
Q

What animals belong to the rhynchocephalia order

A

An order of lizard- like reptiles that includes only 2 living species of tuatara

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7
Q

Reptilia are poikilothermic, what does this mean

A

Having a body temp. that varies with them temp of the surroundings

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8
Q

Do reptilia have internal or external fertilisation

A

Internal

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9
Q

How many heart chambers to reptilia have

A

3 or 4

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10
Q

What are the different environments reptilia live in

A

Aquatic, semi- aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal reptiles

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11
Q

Is there a huge range of morphologies in reptiles? If so how big

A

Yes, python up to 33 feet long

Dwarf gecko only about 1.3 inches long

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12
Q

How are snake skulls joined

A

Loosely joined = kinetic

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13
Q

How would you describe a crocodile skull

A

Robust solid skull

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14
Q

Do reptiles have a smaller or larger brain case compared to mammals

A

Smaller

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15
Q

What is the difference between the lower jaw of a reptile compared to a mammals

A

Reptiles have several bones mammals only have 1

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16
Q

Differences in the bony palate between reptile and mammals

A

Mammals - complete

Reptiles - incomplete

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17
Q

What is the only order involved with rhynchocephalia

A

Sphenodontida

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18
Q

What is the only surviving family in the rhynchocephalia

A

Sphenodontidae

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19
Q

What is the only surviving genus in the sphenodontidae family

A

Sphenodo or tuatara

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20
Q

What are the two species of tuatara

A

Punctatus and Guntheri

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21
Q

What are the differences between rhynchocephalia and lizards

A

Rhynchocephalia lack external ears, parietal eye more formed and lack of hemipenes or even a penis in general

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22
Q

What do rhynchocephalia and lizards have in common

A

1) Caudal autotomy
2) parietal eye
3) no hemipenis

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23
Q

What is the parietal eye used for

A

all lizards have it but it is much better in tuatara, not necessarily for vision. Used to let light in, believed to be useful in absorbing UV light and setting circadian and seasonal cycles. It does have a retina lens, cornea, nerves but not for vision.
Visible in hatchlings- covered in scales and pigments 4-6 months

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24
Q

Saltwater can produce ___psi of pressure

A

3700

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25
Q

Approximately how many socketed teeth do crocodilians have

A

72

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26
Q

What enables a crocodilian to snap its jaw shut without damaging teeth

A

Unlike other reptiles crocodiles dentition fits within jaw

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27
Q

What do the large neck muscles within crocodilians allow

A

Huge attachment area for muscle

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28
Q

The huge neck muscles in crocodilians help with what

A

The close the mouth not open

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29
Q

Muscles cannot ______ they ______. Therefore crocodilians sleep with their mouth ____

A

Push, pull, open

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30
Q

Describe the jaw and snout of a crocodilian

A

Long and narrow

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31
Q

What are the advantages of morphology within a crocodilian

A

Lends itself to a rapid closure

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32
Q

What muscles within the crocodilian are weak

A

Antagonistic masticatory muscles which open jaw

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33
Q

What is the type of environment crocodilians live in

A

Semiaquatic

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34
Q

What shaped palate do alligators have and what does this allow

A

U- shaped, easier to eat turtles.

Upper jaw wider so hides lower teeth

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35
Q

What shaped palate does a crocodile have and what does this allow

A

V- shaped, easier to catch fish. Jaw ear similar width so all teeth are exposed

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36
Q

What are Gharial/ gavial

A

Fish eating crocodiles (India), one of the longest crocs

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37
Q

What is a caiman

A

A smaller croc (south/central America), straight, wide jaws. Upper jaw covers lower jaw, so are technically alligators

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38
Q

Approx how many species of Squamata are there

A

5700

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39
Q

What type of temperature conditions do Squamata prefer

A

Prefer temperate to tropical climates, but found on all continents except Antarctica

40
Q

What is the suborder of lizards

A

Lacertilia

41
Q

What is the suborder of snakes

A

Serpentes

42
Q

What is the sister group of Squamata

A

Tuatara

43
Q

What are the differences between tuatara and Squamata

A

Bone between skull and lower jaw (quadrate) is loosely attached by ligaments (streptostyly)
Beak becomes jaws- wide open, faster, stronger bite

44
Q

Joints of the skull and jaws help to distinguish what with the Squamata group

A

They help distinguish members of the order Squamata (lizards and snakes) from one another and from members of the closely related Oder rhynchocephalia

45
Q

The skull of a tuatara is relatively what?

A

Relatively rigid

46
Q

What is streptostyly

A

Freedom of movement

47
Q

Many Squamata have additional joints in the skull that enables what

A

Enables the muzzle to flex upward and downward.

48
Q

In most lizard where is the joint that enables the muzzle to flex

A

Behind the eye (mesokinesis)

49
Q

In snakes where is the joint that allows the muzzle to flex located

A

In front of the eyes (prokinesis)

50
Q

What else can a viper do to its jaw other than open or close it

A

It can rotate its upper jaw bones that hold the fangs

51
Q

Do snakes have a loose or tight TMJ

A

Tight

52
Q

A snakes’ loose jaw allows what

A

Mandible to move freely = chewing inefficient

53
Q

How do snakes teeth meet

A

They meet unpredictably - do not occlude

54
Q

Loose jaw would not support what

A

Masticatory musculature

55
Q

Can a snake detach its jaw from cranium

A

No

56
Q

What way to a snakes teeth point

A

Backwards

57
Q

Dorsal and lateral bones with the exception of supra occipital are bones of the what

A

Splanchnocranium

58
Q

In Chelonia The posterior brain case articulates with what

A

Cervical vertebrae

59
Q

I’m Chelonia what forms the vertebrae

A

Vertebral body or centrum

Dorsal arch elements c1-c4

60
Q

How many occipital condyles does a Chelonia have

A

1

61
Q

The lower jaw of a Chelonia is composite of what

A

Dentary, angular, surangular, prearticular; splenial and articulate bones

62
Q

The cartilaginous portion is what cartilage

A

Meckels cartilage

63
Q

How many ossicles does a reptile have

A

1

64
Q

How many orders of avian are there

A

28

65
Q

List a few orders of avian

A 
Anserine
Columbine 
Falconine
Gallinaceous 
Strigine
66
Q

Give a example of a anserine

A

Ducks

Geese

67
Q

Give an example of a columbine

A

Pigeon

Dove

68
Q

Give an example of a falconine

A

Eagles

Hawks

69
Q

Give an example of a gallinaceous

A

Grouse
Quail
Pheasants

70
Q

Give an example of a strigine

A

Owl

71
Q

What is the closest living reptile to dinosaurs

A

Birds

72
Q

What are the 5 major bones in a bird skull

A

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) premaxillary
4) nasal
5) mandible

73
Q

How many occipital condyles do birds have

A

1

74
Q

Describe a birds dentition

A

Is no dentition

75
Q

What are bird beaks covered in

A

Keratin

76
Q

What is a sclerotic ring

A

A moveable bony ring surrounding the eyeball of birds

77
Q

What animals is a sclerotic ring found

A

Found in several groups of vertebrates except mammals and crocodilians. Common in dinosaurs

78
Q

What do sea birds secrete

A

Ions in a salty solution released into the nostril

79
Q

Fish are what type of group

A

Paraphyletic

80
Q

Are tetrapods fish

A

No

81
Q

What are the 3 groups of fish

A

Agnatha, chrondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

82
Q

Describe Agnatha fish

A

Jaws absent

Bony scales and skin plates present in ancient species BUT absent in living species

83
Q

What type of fish are chrondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish

84
Q

Examples of Agnatha fish

A

Hagfish and lamprey

85
Q

Examples of chrondrichthyes

A

Sharks, skates, rays

86
Q

Chrondrichthyes have what features calcified

A

Teeth rarely the vertebrae

87
Q

How many species of Osteichthyes are there

A

300

88
Q

What shape are Osteichthyes

A

Spindle shape, oval in section and flattened, protective scales

89
Q

What does operculum mean

A

Bone on the side of the fish and protects the chambers that house the gills

90
Q

How do bony fish fertilise their eggs

A

Internally or externally

91
Q

What are the two types of eggs to do with bony fish

A

Float or sink

92
Q

Name all the parts of the bony fish from left (middle) going anti-clockwise

A

Upper jaw, lower jaw, pectoral girdle, pectoral fin rays, pelvic girdle, pelvic fin rays, rib, anal fin rays, Hemel spine, hypural, caudal fin rays, neural spine, dorsal fin rays, vertebra, operculum, skull, orbit

93
Q

Ray finned fish

A

Thin, flexible skeletal rays

94
Q

Lobe finned fish

A

Muscular fins supported by bone

95
Q

What’s an example of lobe finned fish

A

Coelacanth

96
Q

What type of joint do coelacanth have in the skull

A

Hinged joint

97
Q

What does the hinged joint in the skull in coelacanth fish help

A

Allows the front part of the head to be lifted while feeding

Comparative (8 decks)

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