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Comparative > Digestive System 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the intestines

A

Elgongated tube normally divided into small and large intestines

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2
Q

What is the process called by which food moves along the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

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3
Q

What protects the gut tube walls

A

Mucous protects the gut tube walls from enzymes

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4
Q

What provides lubrication in the gut

A

Mucous

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5
Q

Intestinal glands produce what and what do they breakdown.

A

Enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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6
Q

What nutrients are absorbed back into the intestines

A

Carbohydrates
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Water

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7
Q

Small intestine are often ______ but _______ in diameter

A

Long, small

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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9
Q

What is the duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine which receives chyme from the stomach and exocrine secretions from the liver and pancreas

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10
Q

Brunners glands in the walls of the duodenum help what

A

Help to neutralise acid from the stomach

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11
Q

The large intestine is ______ but ______ than the small intestine

A

Shorter, wider

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12
Q

What does the large intestine pass to

A

The anal opening or the cloaca

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13
Q

What does the rectum act as

A

A store

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14
Q

What are sphincter muscles in the intestine

A

Control release of content

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15
Q

What is the cloaca

A

Derived from the proctodeum at the end of the embryonic gut tube

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16
Q

What animals is the cloaca not present in

A

Fish or most mammals

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17
Q

What is the coprodeum

A

The large intestine empties here

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18
Q

What do goblet cells secrete

A

Mucus

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19
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete

A

Hormones

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20
Q

What do enterocytes do

A

Absorb water and electrolytes

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21
Q

Water absorption takes place where

A

Large intestine

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22
Q

How do you maximise nutrient intake

A

Increase time food spends in the digestive tract to maximise nutrient intake

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23
Q

What is the spiral valve

A

Helical partition in the gut tube that forces food to wind around a spiral channel, increasing the time spent in the intestines

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24
Q

What are the longitudinal folds in larval called

A

Typhlosole

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25
Q

For is the crop used for

A

Temporary storage

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26
Q

What is the spiral valve

A

Helical partition in the gut up that forces food to wind around a spiral channel therefore increase time spent in the intestines and also increase SA

27
Q

In lower vertebrates what issues do th y have How many bones of the “basic plan” th the large intestine

A

The do not concentrate urine well so electrolytes and water released by kidneys resorbed by large intestine

28
Q

What does retrograde peristalsis do

A

Push digesta from cloaca to large intestine for further resorption

29
Q

What is the GALT

A

Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue

30
Q

What is the function of the GALT

A

Defence against ingested pathogens and parasites

31
Q

Large intestine empties where

A

Coprodeum

32
Q

Urogenital empties where

A

Urodeum

33
Q

Down regulation after food has been digested does what

A

Decrease in cell proliferation (birds and mammals) or epithelial folding (reptiles)

34
Q

Mechanical breakdown of food allows what

A

Allows pieces to b reduced in size and then swallowed

35
Q

What is mastication

A

Chewing

36
Q

What may be used to grind food against stones

A

Gizzard

37
Q

Carnassial teeth allow for what

A

Allow soft, sinewy food to be sliced

38
Q

What kind of food do carnivores eat

A

Relatively low fibre

39
Q

What types of food do herbivores eat

A

Fibrous, cellulose rich food

40
Q

The front teeth in herbivores do

A

Front teeth snip vegetation and back teeth grind food to break down tough outer layer

41
Q

What is the function of the back teeth of omnivore

A

Used to compress hard, brittle foods such as nuts and seeds

42
Q

What enzymes breakdown food

A

Proteases (proteins), lipases (fats), cellulases, amylase (carbohydrates)

43
Q

What are the end products of digestion

A

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

44
Q

What is cellulose

A

A structural component of all plants and as such is an extremely important carbohydrate

45
Q

Is cellulose insoluble or soluble

A

Insoluble and very resistant is o chemical attack

46
Q

Can vertebrate species make cellulose

A

No

47
Q

What are the four stages of gastric fermentation

A

Swallow -> mix-> re-mastication-> passage

48
Q

How is food mixed and then regurgitated

A

Complicated waves of contraction

49
Q

What is intestinal fermentation

A

Microbial digestion of cellulose in the intestine

50
Q

What animals does intestinal fermentation occur

A

Birds, rabbits, horses and pigs

51
Q

What is gastric fermentation good at

A

Extracting the most from low-quality foods

52
Q

Nutrients being released early in the digestive tract allows what

A

More time to absorb them and being able to re-chew food enables a thorough mechanical breakdown of the plant cell walls

53
Q

What gas is used in the gastric fermentation

A

Nitrogen is used as a resource (not a waste product) important in low diets

54
Q

What is taken into the camels rumen and turned into ammonia

A

Urea

55
Q

What are the advantages of intestinal fermentation

A

Food passes through much of the digestive tract prior to fermentation which allows soluble nutrients such as glucose, proteins and carbohydrates to be absorbed before fermentation starts. These nutrients may be lost in gastric fermentation.

Much faster which allows quick absorption of high quality nutrients and release of low quality component of forage.

56
Q

What do some intestinal fermenters also practice

A

Coprophagy and re-ingest faeces to pass nutrients through the digestive tract a second time

57
Q

The smaller the animal, the ________ the metabolic rate, the greater the need to digest nutrients quickly

A

Higher

58
Q

Small herbivores are more like to be what fermenters

A

Intestinal

59
Q

Large herbivores are most likely to be what fermenters

A

Gastric

60
Q

Many plants use toxins for what

A

A form of defence- chemicals make food unpalatable or actually poisonous

61
Q

What animals use toxins as a defence

A

Amphibians

62
Q

What does ruminant saliva contain

A

Proteins that bind with tannins to reduce the toxicity and reduce effects on digestibility

63
Q

What do tannins do

A

Will normally bind with proteins making them hard to digest

64
Q

Ruminants who eat a large quantity of tannin-rich food will have what

A

Large salivary glands

Comparative (8 decks)

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