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Comparative > Post-cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post-cranial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the post-cranial skeleton

A

Everything other than the cranium

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

Skull (cranium)
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Fins

Limbs

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4
Q

What are the functions of the vertebrae

A

Protects spinal cord and dorsal vessels
Provides muscle attachment
Suspend body
Locomotion

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5
Q

What is the notochord

A

A fluid filled, callagneous rod

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6
Q

Where does the notochord run from

A

Runs along the longitudinal axis of the body

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7
Q

What does the vertebral column develop around

A

Notochord

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8
Q

Where is the notochord located

A

Ventral to the developing spinal cord

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9
Q

What do fish vertebrae look like

A

Similar all the way down

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10
Q

What are the two regions of fish vertebral column

A

Trunk and caudal

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11
Q

Why are fish vertebral columns undifferentiated

A

Due to not supporting body

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12
Q

Fish vertebrae are tall and thin allowing what

A

Undulating movement and preventing telescoping

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13
Q

The centrum in fish vertebrae are typically what

A

Amphicoelous

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14
Q

In fish what does the heterocercal tail do

A

Generates lift

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15
Q

Where would you find a heterocercal tail

A

Chrondrichthyes

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16
Q

Where would you find a homocercal tail

A

Osteichthyes

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17
Q

Where is the heterocercal tail directed

A

Vertebrae directed dorsally

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18
Q

Where are homocercal tail directed

A

Neural spines and central directed dorsally, he also spine elongate and match them ventrally

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19
Q

What is regionalisation

A

Progression from water to land

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20
Q

What does regionalisation increase

A

Impact of gravity and force of locomotion

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21
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have

A

One single

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22
Q

What does an amphibians cervical vertebrae articulate with

A

The skull

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23
Q

What is the name for the amphibian centrum

A

Ossified opistocoelus centrum

24
Q

What does the Ossified opistocoelus centrum in amphibians allow for

A

Strength for weight-bearing on land

25
Q

Name the 4 vertebrae in amphibians

A

Cervical, thoracolumbar, sacral and caudal

26
Q

What does the single cervical vertebrae articulate with in amphibians

A

Skull

27
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do amphibians have

A

1

28
Q

The craniovertebral joint allows for what

A

Dorsoventral rocking (nodding)

29
Q

What are the benefits of the craniovertebral joint in amphibians

A

Protects sense organs

Navigate terrain better

30
Q

Describe reptilian vertebrae

A

Procoelous

Ball and socket intervertebral articulation

31
Q

What are all the parts to the reptilian vertebral column

A

8 cervical
Thoracolumbar
2 sacral
Caudal

32
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do aves have

A

High amount

33
Q

Cervical vertebrae articulate in what way

A

Saddle shaped articulations

34
Q

Are the thoracic vertebrae fused or not fused in aves

A

Fused

35
Q

What parts of the vertebral are fused to the synsacrum

A

Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, proximal caudal vertebrae

36
Q

What does the fused synsacrum in abes allow for

A

Provides rigidity for flight, indirectly reduces muscle bulk (makes bird lighter)

37
Q

Where are the ribs found in a mammalian

A

Thoracic region

38
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do Mammals have

A

7

39
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae mammals have

A

15-20

40
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do mammals have

A

2-3 fused

41
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do humans have

A

5 fused

42
Q

What does the intervertebral disc in mammals consist of

A

A central gel (nucleus pulposus), remains of notochord

43
Q

When is the neural spine weaker and stronger

A

Bone is weak under tension/ torque forces

Stronger under compression

44
Q

How do neural spines orientate themselves

A

Parallel to forces from cranial and caudal musculature

45
Q

To increase force in neural spine what do you need to increase

A

Increase muscles or increase height of neural spine

46
Q

What are ribs associated with in fish

A

The trunk region

47
Q

What are the two sets of ribs in fish called

A

Ventral and dorsal

48
Q

At amphibians ribs short or long? What is the exception

A

Short. Except in limbless amphibians where they play a locomotor role

49
Q

Are reptilian ribs long or short

A

Long

50
Q

What region to reptilians have ribs in

A

Cervical and thoracic

51
Q

What type of ribs do “Draco” have

A

Extended ribs in the mid-thoracic region that assist in gliding

52
Q

Describe avian ribs

A

Thin and broad

53
Q

What purpose do ribs provide in an avian

A

Support muscle attachment needed for flight

54
Q

What is the unicate process

A

Reinforces the rib cage aid in flight and breathing mechanics

55
Q

What is unique about the first thoracic ribs in avians

A

They are floating

56
Q

What do ribs attach to in mammals

A

The centrum and transverse process of vertebrae

57
Q

Name the three parts to the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body of sternum
Xiphoid process

Comparative (8 decks)

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