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Comparative > Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system do

A

Functions to break down food into consumable parts and extract valuable nutrients and water
Creation and removal of waste products

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2
Q

What does the creation and removal of waste products allow

A

1) to make nutrients available
2) to allow mass processing of low nutrient value food
3) to deal with potentially toxic compounds

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3
Q

Name the Basic human structures

A

Oral cavity-> pharynx-> oesophagus-> stomach-> duodenum-> jejunum -> ileum-> caecum-> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon-> rectum -> anal canal

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4
Q

What is the roof of the buccal cavity called

A

Palate

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5
Q

What does the palate separate

A

Oral and nasal cavities

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6
Q

What is the primary palate called

A

In most fishes is a Low vault with no openings. Basic design where nasal passage opens into bucal cavity (salamanders)

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7
Q

What is the Choanae

A

Opening into nasal cavity (tetrapods)

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8
Q

What is the second palate

A

Palatal folds form a second horizontal shelf that separates the nose and mouth

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9
Q

What are palate folds

A

Creates secondary palate

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10
Q

What does the soft palate often do

A

It hangs from the bony hard palate and pushes the internal nares (opening to the nasal cavity) further back in the buccal cavity

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11
Q

Hat is the function of the tongue in humans

A

To move food around mouth and push food to the back of the mouth for swalllowing

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12
Q

Describe the tongue in snakes and nectar feeding bats

A

Flexible and mobile

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13
Q

Describe the tongue in jawed fish, turtles, crocs and some birds

A

Immobile

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14
Q

What are the modifications of a frog tongue

A

Allow tongue to protrude quickly and be drawn back, glands to create sticky fluid

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15
Q

What is the function of the buccal cavity

A

Create secretions and release into buccal cavity

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16
Q

What does labial mean

A

Near the lips

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17
Q

What does palatal mean

A

Near the palate

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18
Q

Where is the pharynx seen

A

In all tetrapods

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19
Q

What is the pharynx subdivided into

A

Nasopharynx (air passage)

Oropharynx (food)

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20
Q

What is the eustacian tube

A

Opening to the oesophagus, opening to larynx

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21
Q

What is the eustacian tube covered by

A

The epiglottis

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22
Q

Describe the stages of swallowing

A

Bolus of food pushed from the buccal cavity to the oesophagus then to the stomach

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23
Q

How do snakes continue breathing whilst swallowing their food

A

The snakes trachea slips down and forwards beneath prey

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24
Q

What is the oesophagus

A

A muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach

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25
Q

Some species have __________ epithelium, others _______ to allow ingestion of abrasive ______

A

Stratified, keratinised, food

26
Q

What is the oesophagus site of

A

Large amounts of food if swallowed at one time

27
Q

What is the difference with a birds oesophagus

A

It posses a crop

28
Q

What is a crop

A

Outgrowth of oesophagus used to store food prior to digestion or regurgitation

29
Q

In pigeons what does the crop do

A

It secretes a nutritional fluid to feed hatchlings for several days - pigeon milk

30
Q

What is the stomach

A

Muscular sac to receive, churn food and process it using gastric juices

31
Q

Some carnivores use the stomach for what

A

When intake is irregular and large quantities of food are eaten

32
Q

What is secreted from the stomach to prevent food decay by bacteria whilst food was stored prior to digestion

A

Acid secretion

33
Q

What are examples or gastric juices

A

HCL plus some enzyme and mucus

34
Q

What are the inner folds called in the stomach

A

Rugae

35
Q

Mucosal histology splits the stomach into what

A

Glandular and non-glandular epithelium

36
Q

What is the cardiac gland within stomach

A

Only found in mammals and marks the transition for oesophagus to stomach (mostly mucus secreting)

37
Q

What is the funds/gastric glands

A

Mucus cells, parietal cells (HCL) and chief cells (proteolytic enzymes)

38
Q

What is the pyloric gland

A

Contains pyloric glands that create mucous that helps to neutralise acidic chyme prior to release into the intestine

39
Q

In rodents the loss of gastric glands leads to what

A

Smooth muscle stomach that uses contractions to churn and mix food

40
Q

Rodent epithelial may also be what to resist mechanical abrasion from insect exoskeletons, grasses and seeds

A

Keratinised

41
Q

What animals contain a gizzard

A

Crocs and alligators

42
Q

What is a gizzard

A

A region of the stomach with very thick muscular walls

43
Q

What does the gizzard do

A

Grinds food against ingested stones

44
Q

What lies before the gizzard

A

Glandular part

45
Q

What breaks down the food in the gizzard

A

Gastric juices from the glandular part and the mechanical grinding in the gizzard

46
Q

What two things do birds posses in the stomach

A

Crop and gizzard

47
Q

In birds where does the oesophagus join

A

To the proventriculus

48
Q

What does the proventriculus do in birds

A

Secretes gastric fluid to digest the food bolus

49
Q

In ruminants and camels how many chambers are there in the stomach

A

4

50
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the stomach in camels and ruminants

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

51
Q

What is the rumen

A

Large and serves to receive the food from the oesophagus

52
Q

What follows the rumen

A

The reticulum

53
Q

Both the rumen and reticulum are lined with what

A

Oesophageal epithelium

54
Q

What is the omasum

A

The third chamber

55
Q

What is the omasum lined with

A

Oesophageal epithelium but folded into overlapping leaves

56
Q

What is the abomasum

A

The final chamber

57
Q

What does the abomasum contain tht the other chambers don’t

A

Possesses a cardia, fundus and pylorus

58
Q

What does the liver do

A

Detoxification of blood and production of bile

59
Q

What animals is the gall bladder present

A

Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, some birds and most mammals

60
Q

What type of functions does the pancreas have

A

Endocrine and exocrine

Comparative (8 decks)

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