Locomotion

Question 1

What is involved in the basic plan of the pectoral girdle of vertebrates

Answer 1

Post- temporal 
Supracleithrum
Cleithrum
Clavicle 
Suprascapula 
Scapula
Coracoid

Question 2

How many bones of the “basic plan” do Osteichthyes have

Answer 2

All 7 elements- smaller coracoid however

Question 3

How many bones of the “basic plan” do chrondrichthyes have

Answer 3

3 elements

Question 4

How many bones of the “basic plan” do early tetrapods have

Answer 4

6 basic elements

Question 5

In early tetrapods is the clavicle longer or shorter

Answer 5

Longer

Question 6

How many bones of the “basic plan” do amphibians e.g. Frog have

Answer 6

3 elements

Question 7

What is the interclavicle

Answer 7

Membrane bone developed between collarbones or in front of the breast bone in many vertebrates

Question 8

What vertebrates don’t have an interclavicle

Answer 8

Marsupials and placental mammals

Question 9

What is the cleithrum

Answer 9

First appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish. It is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills forming posterior edge of the gill chamber

Question 10

Do agnatha types of fish have girdles

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What type of fish are Agnatha

Answer 11

Jawless fish

Question 12

The scapula and coracoid in bony fish is small or large

Answer 12

Small

Question 13

The ventral clavicle in bony fish is usually what

Answer 13

Reduced

Question 14

The cleithrum in bony fish is large or small

Answer 14

Enlarged

Question 15

What are the 3 elements amphibians have

Answer 15

Ossified, scapula and coracoid

Question 16

Do amphibians have an interclavicle

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What is the difference between the glenoid fossa in human compared to amphibians

Answer 17

In amphibians it’s less flexible

Question 18

Name the elements are involved in reptiles

Answer 18

Coracoid and scapulae

Clavicles and interclavicles (lizard)

Question 19

What element is not present in snakes

Answer 19

Pectoral girdles

Question 20

In birds are the clavicles fused

Answer 20

Yes at the midline to form the furcula (wishbone)

Question 21

Describe the coracoid and scapula in birds

Answer 21

Long and slender

Question 22

Why do birds have very large sternum’

Answer 22

For muscle attachment of wings for flying

Question 23

Is the interclavicle and coracoid present or absent in mammals

Answer 23

Absent

Question 24

When are clavicles sometimes absent in mammals?

Answer 24

Ungulates or rodents

Question 25

What is primitive elasmobranchs

Answer 25

Stiff, triangular paired fins | Base and fin in same horizontal plane I.e. Flat surfaces dorsal and ventral

Question 26

What are primitive elasmobranchs used for

Answer 26

Used for stabilisers and insignificant in locomotion

Question 27

How do sharks swim

Answer 27

Lateral undulations

Question 28

If fins occur singular what are they called

Answer 28

Caudal, anal, dorsal

Question 29

If fins are paired what are they called

Answer 29

Pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 30

Fins do not ____. The are ________ and used as _______.

Answer 30

Flap, horizontal, stabilisers

Question 31

What does sinuous mean

Answer 31

Having many curves and turns, lateral movement of tail

Question 32

Describe dermal fin rays

Answer 32

Slender rods Keratinised in elasmobranchs Ossified or chondrified in bony fish

Question 33

What are the 3 different types of fins

Answer 33

Ray fins Fin fold fins Lobed fins

Question 34

What are lobed fins

Answer 34

Fleshy muscular lobe at base, precursor to tetrapods limb

Question 35

What are ray fins

Answer 35

Very flexible, lost components of basal Skeleton, some have no pelvic fins e.g. Perch

Question 36

What are fin fold fins

Answer 36

Have a broad base e.g cladoselache (extinct sharks)

Question 37

What does crossopterygians mean

Answer 37

Have certain features that approach limb features in early tetrapods

Question 38

What are the functions of fins

Answer 38

Stability, breaking and stearing

Question 39

Stability of fins

Answer 39

Projecting from streamlined body

Question 40

Breaking is to do with what kind of fins

Answer 40

Paired fins

Question 41

What does stealing of fins mean

Answer 41

Control direction of movement

Question 42

How is forward propulsion in fish achieved

Answer 42

Achieved by lateral flexion of vertebrae caused by axial musculature which causes lateral undulations

Question 43

What way does the caudal fin move to move forward

Answer 43

Side to side

Question 44

Movement of tail exerts a _______ and _________ force against the resistance of the _____

Answer 44

Backward, lateral, water

Question 45

The components of resistance propel fish where

Answer 45

Forward

Question 46

The lateral component will tend to make body of a fish do what

Answer 46

Move sideways but this is minimised by the fact the body is large and it's centre of gravity is more difficult to overcome

Question 47

What are the 3 different axis of movement

Answer 47

Roll, pitch and yaw

Question 48

What is the roll movement

Answer 48

Side to side

Question 49

What is pitch movement

Answer 49

Head up and down

Question 50

What is yaw movement

Answer 50

Twist about a vertical axis

Question 51

Where did early tetrapods develop limbs from

Answer 51

Lobe finned fish

Question 52

Do early tetrapods have short or long limbs

Answer 52

Short

Question 53

The first segment of early tetrapods is almost what

Answer 53

Horizontal

Question 54

The second segment in early tetrapods is what to the first

Answer 54

Perpendicular to the first

Question 55

Early tetrapods toes tend to point where

Answer 55

Laterally

Question 56

What other animals have to s pointing laterally

Answer 56

Urodeles and some primitive reptiles

Question 57

Functions of limbs

Answer 57

Locomotion | Tools

Question 58

What are the muscles called that are too weak to support body out of water

Answer 58

Primitive crossopterygians

Question 59

What happens in water

Answer 59

Propulsion through lateral undulations; Horizontally held fins -> LIFT Vertically held fins -> THRUST

Question 60

What happens on land

Answer 60

Same lateral undulations place fins as pivot points; body rotates around pivot; limbs not as strong as tetrapods

Question 61

What are mudskippers

Answer 61

Walking fish

Question 62

Terrestrial locomotion

Answer 62

Same method used by early amphibians in order to lift and plant foot -> then tetrapod vertebral column rotates about the pivot point

Question 63

What types of animals use terrestrial locomotion

Answer 63

Urodeles, lizards, turtles etc

Question 64

Lifting limb brought what new factor

Answer 64

Axial torque of vertebrae column

Question 65

What does the humerus articulate with

Answer 65

Glenoid fossa