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Comparative > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the basic plan of the pectoral girdle of vertebrates

A 
Post- temporal 
Supracleithrum
Cleithrum
Clavicle 
Suprascapula 
Scapula
Coracoid
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2
Q

How many bones of the “basic plan” do Osteichthyes have

A

All 7 elements- smaller coracoid however

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3
Q

How many bones of the “basic plan” do chrondrichthyes have

A

3 elements

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4
Q

How many bones of the “basic plan” do early tetrapods have

A

6 basic elements

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5
Q

In early tetrapods is the clavicle longer or shorter

A

Longer

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6
Q

How many bones of the “basic plan” do amphibians e.g. Frog have

A

3 elements

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7
Q

What is the interclavicle

A

Membrane bone developed between collarbones or in front of the breast bone in many vertebrates

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8
Q

What vertebrates don’t have an interclavicle

A

Marsupials and placental mammals

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9
Q

What is the cleithrum

A

First appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish. It is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills forming posterior edge of the gill chamber

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10
Q

Do agnatha types of fish have girdles

A

No

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11
Q

What type of fish are Agnatha

A

Jawless fish

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12
Q

The scapula and coracoid in bony fish is small or large

A

Small

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13
Q

The ventral clavicle in bony fish is usually what

A

Reduced

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14
Q

The cleithrum in bony fish is large or small

A

Enlarged

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15
Q

What are the 3 elements amphibians have

A

Ossified, scapula and coracoid

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16
Q

Do amphibians have an interclavicle

A

No

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17
Q

What is the difference between the glenoid fossa in human compared to amphibians

A

In amphibians it’s less flexible

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18
Q

Name the elements are involved in reptiles

A

Coracoid and scapulae

Clavicles and interclavicles (lizard)

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19
Q

What element is not present in snakes

A

Pectoral girdles

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20
Q

In birds are the clavicles fused

A

Yes at the midline to form the furcula (wishbone)

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21
Q

Describe the coracoid and scapula in birds

A

Long and slender

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22
Q

Why do birds have very large sternum’

A

For muscle attachment of wings for flying

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23
Q

Is the interclavicle and coracoid present or absent in mammals

A

Absent

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24
Q

When are clavicles sometimes absent in mammals?

A

Ungulates or rodents

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25
Q

What is primitive elasmobranchs

A

Stiff, triangular paired fins

Base and fin in same horizontal plane I.e. Flat surfaces dorsal and ventral

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26
Q

What are primitive elasmobranchs used for

A

Used for stabilisers and insignificant in locomotion

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27
Q

How do sharks swim

A

Lateral undulations

28
Q

If fins occur singular what are they called

A

Caudal, anal, dorsal

29
Q

If fins are paired what are they called

A

Pectoral and pelvic fins

30
Q

Fins do not ____. The are ________ and used as _______.

A

Flap, horizontal, stabilisers

31
Q

What does sinuous mean

A

Having many curves and turns, lateral movement of tail

32
Q

Describe dermal fin rays

A

Slender rods
Keratinised in elasmobranchs
Ossified or chondrified in bony fish

33
Q

What are the 3 different types of fins

A

Ray fins
Fin fold fins
Lobed fins

34
Q

What are lobed fins

A

Fleshy muscular lobe at base, precursor to tetrapods limb

35
Q

What are ray fins

A

Very flexible, lost components of basal Skeleton, some have no pelvic fins e.g. Perch

36
Q

What are fin fold fins

A

Have a broad base e.g cladoselache (extinct sharks)

37
Q

What does crossopterygians mean

A

Have certain features that approach limb features in early tetrapods

38
Q

What are the functions of fins

A

Stability, breaking and stearing

39
Q

Stability of fins

A

Projecting from streamlined body

40
Q

Breaking is to do with what kind of fins

A

Paired fins

41
Q

What does stealing of fins mean

A

Control direction of movement

42
Q

How is forward propulsion in fish achieved

A

Achieved by lateral flexion of vertebrae caused by axial musculature which causes lateral undulations

43
Q

What way does the caudal fin move to move forward

A

Side to side

44
Q

Movement of tail exerts a _______ and _________ force against the resistance of the _____

A

Backward, lateral, water

45
Q

The components of resistance propel fish where

A

Forward

46
Q

The lateral component will tend to make body of a fish do what

A

Move sideways but this is minimised by the fact the body is large and it’s centre of gravity is more difficult to overcome

47
Q

What are the 3 different axis of movement

A

Roll, pitch and yaw

48
Q

What is the roll movement

A

Side to side

49
Q

What is pitch movement

A

Head up and down

50
Q

What is yaw movement

A

Twist about a vertical axis

51
Q

Where did early tetrapods develop limbs from

A

Lobe finned fish

52
Q

Do early tetrapods have short or long limbs

A

Short

53
Q

The first segment of early tetrapods is almost what

A

Horizontal

54
Q

The second segment in early tetrapods is what to the first

A

Perpendicular to the first

55
Q

Early tetrapods toes tend to point where

A

Laterally

56
Q

What other animals have to s pointing laterally

A

Urodeles and some primitive reptiles

57
Q

Functions of limbs

A

Locomotion

Tools

58
Q

What are the muscles called that are too weak to support body out of water

A

Primitive crossopterygians

59
Q

What happens in water

A

Propulsion through lateral undulations; Horizontally held fins -> LIFT
Vertically held fins -> THRUST

60
Q

What happens on land

A

Same lateral undulations place fins as pivot points; body rotates around pivot; limbs not as strong as tetrapods

61
Q

What are mudskippers

A

Walking fish

62
Q

Terrestrial locomotion

A

Same method used by early amphibians in order to lift and plant foot -> then tetrapod vertebral column rotates about the pivot point

63
Q

What types of animals use terrestrial locomotion

A

Urodeles, lizards, turtles etc

64
Q

Lifting limb brought what new factor

A

Axial torque of vertebrae column

65
Q

What does the humerus articulate with

A

Glenoid fossa

Comparative (8 decks)

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