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Comparative > Skulls-mammals > Flashcards

Skulls-mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

Sticks out. Usually forms muscle attachment

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2
Q

Condyle

A

Convex part of joint. Ball

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3
Q

Fossa

A

Indentation. Socket

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4
Q

Foramen

A

Holes through which nerves/ vessels pass

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5
Q

Skull

A

Entire framework of the head

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6
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw

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7
Q

Cranium

A

Skull without lower jaw

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8
Q

Neurocranium

A

Encases brain

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9
Q

Calvaria

A

(Skull cap) top of neurocranium

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10
Q

Basicranium

A

Bottom of neurocranium

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11
Q

Splanchocranium/ viscerocranium

A

Facial skeleton

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12
Q

How many bones are joined at sutures

A

22

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13
Q

How many cranial bones are there

A

8

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14
Q

How many air sinuses does the sphenoid bone contain

A

2

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15
Q

What does the sphenoid bone contain

A

A body and a lesser, greater, medial and lateral wing

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16
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located

A

Roof of nasal cavity

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17
Q

What is the ethmoid bone part of

A

Nasal septum

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18
Q

What does the frontal bone form

A

Forehead and part of cranium

Roof of orbit

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19
Q

What’s within the frontal bone

A

Contains the frontal sinus

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20
Q

What’s different about the front sinus

A

It’s unique like a finger print

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21
Q

Occipital bone is where

A

Rear and majority of base skull

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22
Q

Spinal cord is encircled by what

A

Foramen magnum

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23
Q

What does the skull rest upon

A

The atlas at the occipital condyles

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24
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Runs from base of external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebrae (last neck bone)

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25
Q

How many parietal bones are there

A

2

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26
Q

The parietal bones are bordered by what sutures

A

Coronal, sagittal, lamboid, squamous

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27
Q

What suture joins the two parietal bones

A

Sagittal

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28
Q

How many temporal bones are there

A

2

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29
Q

What do the temporal bones form

A

The lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

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30
Q

Name the ossicles in the middle ear

A

Malleus, stapes, incus

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31
Q

Are facial bones in contact with meninges

A

No

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32
Q

How many maxillae bones are there

A

2

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33
Q

What does the maxilla form

A

Upper jaw

2/3 of hard palate

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34
Q

How many zygomatic bones are there

A

2

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35
Q

What do the zygomatic bones form

A

Cheek bone and lateral orbital wall

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36
Q

What does the zygomatic bone contain

A

Frontal process, temporal process, infraorbital margin and zygomaticofacial foramen

37
Q

How many palatine bones are there

A

2

38
Q

What shape is the palatine bones

A

L- shaped

39
Q

What are the palatine bones part of

A

Nasal wall and orbital floor

40
Q

What is another name for the inferior nasal concha

A

Inferior turbinate (crista conchalis)

41
Q

Is the inferior nasal concha bones part of ethmoid or maxilla?

A

No

42
Q

What does “turbinate” refer to

A

“Scroll” curled up in itself

43
Q

How many turbinates do humans have

A

3

44
Q

What do the 2 nasal bones support

A

Nasal cartilage

45
Q

What does the vomer consist of

A

1/2 of nasal septum

46
Q

Can the mandible move

A

No

47
Q

What does the mandible hold

A

Lower teeth

48
Q

What do the 2 lacrimal bones form

A

Part of the medial wall of each orbit

49
Q

Tears collect where and drain where

A

Collect in sac and drain into nasal cavity

50
Q

As brain size increases what happens

A

Face rotates downwards

51
Q

Where does the nose direct air to

A

Onto the olfactory area

52
Q

Size of chimpanzee skull

A

305-485 cubic centimetres

53
Q

Size of Africanus skull

A

420-500 cubic centimetres

54
Q

Size of homo habilis skull

A

590-700 cubic centimetres

55
Q

Size of a robustus skull

A

500-530 cubic centimetres

56
Q

Size of homo erectus skull

A

815-1,959 cubic centimetres

57
Q

Size of homo sapien skull

A

1,040- 1,595 cubic centimetres

58
Q

As brain grows what 2 things then happen

A

Ethmoid area grows = shit smell

Face rotates down, therefore nose stuck out

59
Q

What distinguishes modern humans to their nearest ancestors

A

Noses and chins

60
Q

What animals have nostrils but no nose/chin

A

High primates

61
Q

As you go back in time what happens to the foramen magnum

A

It gets further away from face

62
Q

Do non-Africans have DNA markers?

A

Yes

63
Q

Afarensis evolves to what…

A

Habilis–> erectus –> sapiens

64
Q

As animals stand up what happens to their spine

A

Spine rotates downwards

65
Q

What is the biggest family

A

Mustelindae (bear)

66
Q

Do carnivores have a small or large sagittal crest

A

Large

67
Q

Why do sheep have large head muscles

A

From pulling side to side

68
Q

Carnivores have forward facing orbits which results in what

A

Binocular vision which means better depth perception

69
Q

The TMJ in a carnivore is what and why

A

Tight as it needs a powerful bite but is unsuitable for grinding

70
Q

Artiodactyla can be described as what

A

Even toed

Cloven- Hooved mammals

71
Q

Do Artiodactyla have a sagittal crest

A

No

72
Q

What way do the orbits face in Artiodactyla and what does this help

A

Laterally

Excellent peripheral vision

73
Q

Artiodactyla have poor what

A

Binocular vision

74
Q

Do Artiodactyla have a loose tmj or a tight tmj

A

Loose which allows sideways grinding

75
Q

Most Artiodactyls lack what type of tooth and what animal is the exception

A

Canine, pigs

76
Q

Artiodactyla have a narrow nuchal crest, how does this help their head

A

It holds their head up but is weak sideways

77
Q

Rodentia orbits face what way

A

Laterally

78
Q

TMJ in rodentia is loose or tight

A

Loose

79
Q

Do rodentia have a sagittal crest?

A

No

80
Q

The temporalis and masseter are prominent muscles located where

A

Lateral surface of the skull

81
Q

Where does the temporalis pass

A

Passes medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the cork lid process of the mandible

82
Q

What shape is the temporalis

A

Fan shaped

83
Q

What is the action of the temporalis

A

Elevate mandible/ close jaw

84
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis

A

Coronoid process and anterior surface of Ramus of mandible

85
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis

A

Inferior temporal line

86
Q

What is the origin of the masseter

A

Zygomatic process of maximally and lower border of zygomatic arch

87
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter

A

Ramus of Mandible

88
Q

What is the action of the masseter

A

Elevate mandible and occlude teeth

Comparative (8 decks)

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