skull radiographs

Question 1

● orthodontic evaluations
● orthognathic evaluations
● pathology beyond coverage of standard
dental images

Answer 1

skull radiography

Question 2

skull projections:
1
2
3
4
5

Answer 2

1. Lateral cephalogram/cephalometric
2. PA cephalogram/cephalometric
3. Waters’ PA
4. Reverse-Towne (PA)
5. SMV

Question 3

longer focal distance=

Answer 3

sharper outlines

Question 4

image enhancers

Answer 4

grids:
standard
focused
grid ratios

and
air gaps

Question 5

grids with PSPP do what:

Answer 5

reduce amount of scatter radiation exposing film and improves image contrast

(sheet of plastic with lead in it)
(use with larger body part)

**have to increase exposure then
**use for extra-oral imaging

Question 6

● orthodontic evaluations
● orthognathic evaluations
● pathology beyond coverage of standard
dental images

Answer 6

skull radiography

Question 7

skull projections.
lateral skull:

Answer 7

-standard
-cephalometric

PA skull
Waters’ (occipiomental)
reverse-towne PA
submentovertex (basilar)

Question 8

Skull Projections
Beam alignment with

Answer 8

cephalostat

Question 9

Skull/film alignment within cephalostat:

Answer 9

1. beam 90 degree to mid-sagittal skull plane and sensor
2. mid-sagittal skull plane and sensor are parallel
3. frankfort plane parallel to horizontal (ground)

Question 10

lateral cephalogram identifies:

Answer 10

● Maxillary Sinus
● Frontal Sinus
● Sphenoid Sinus

Question 11

1. Used for taking measurements and
   evaluating the effect of growth or disease on a skeletal profile

Answer 11

cephalometric XR

Question 12

cephalometric rx positioning is ______for retrospective or predictive evaluation of
skeletal changes.

_____inches focal distance used to
1. standarize magnification
2. improve resoluation

Answer 12

standardized
60 inches”

Question 13

in cephalometric XR,
Soft tissue profiles often specified for:

soft tissue filters are applied either at ___or at ___

Answer 13

lateral skull evaluations

source or film

Question 14

Soft Tissue Filters

Answer 14

at source
at receptor: over, grid, over intensifying screen

Question 15

used for orthodontic and orthognathic surgical
treatment

Answer 15

lateral cephalometric image

Question 16

Beam is 90 degrees to sensor and parallel to mid-sagittal skull plane Coronal (Frontal) skull plane is 900 to sensor

Answer 16

PA skull

Question 17

Beam is 900 to sensor and
parallel to mid-sagittal skull
plane
Mid-sagittal skull plane is
900 to sensor, but chin is
raised to touch sensor

Answer 17

Waters’ (occipitomental) Skull
Radiograph

Question 18

Beam is 900 to sensor
and axial skull plane
Mid-sagittal skull plane is
900 to sensor, but vertex
is adjacent sensor

Answer 18

Submentovertex (basilar) Skull Radiograph