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ORAL RADIOLOGY EXAM 2 > sensor problems > Flashcards

sensor problems Flashcards

1
Q

sensor placement and beam positioning problems related to
image receptor:

A

a. film
b. PSP (phosphor storage plate)
c. charged coupling device (CCD)
d. complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

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2
Q

sensor placement and beam positioning problems related to
shadow casting principles

A

a. beam angulation
c. receptor placement

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2
Q

sensor placement and beam positioning problems related to
human element

A

a. clinician
b. patient
c. a and b

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3
Q

3 sensor placement and beam positioning problems

A
  1. miscellanous technique problems
  2. exposure problems
  3. patient preparation problems
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4
Q

miscellaneous technique problems

A
  1. phalangioma
  2. movement
  3. sensor placement
  4. beam angulation -horizontal
  5. beam angulation - vertical
  6. PID/BID alignment
  7. sensor wire placement
  8. sensor bending [just PSP and film!]
  9. sensor creasing
  10. double exposure
  11. reversed placement [just PSP and film!]
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5
Q

pt finger positioned in front of sensor

A

phalangioma

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6
Q

patient or x-ray tube head moves during exposure

A

movement

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7
Q

sensor palcement is MORE critical with

A

solid state sensors

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8
Q

with sensors, there is a ____active image capture area

A

smaller

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9
Q

maxillary premolar PA requirements

A
  • Receptor parallels B and L planes of premolars
  • Receptor parallels long axis of
    premolars
  • Anterior edge of receptor includes
    distal ½ of canine, the premolars
    and some of molars
  • Horizontal angle directed through
    distal of canine/premolar,
    premolar/premolar and the 2nd
    premolar/ molar contacts
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10
Q

maxillary molar PA requirements

A

Receptor parallels B and Li
planes of molars
* Receptor parallels long axis
of molars
* Anterior edge of receptor
includes distal ½ of 2nd
premolar and as much of the
molars as possible
* Horizontal angle directed
through distal of 2nd
premolar/1st molar and the
intermolar contacts

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11
Q

premolar bitewing requirements

A

Receptor parallels B and Li
planes of premolars
* Receptor parallels long axis of
premolars
* Anterior edge of receptor
includes mesial ½ of canine, the
premolars and some of molars
* Horizontal angle directed
through distal of
canine/premolar, premolars
and the 2nd premolar/ 1st molar
contacts

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12
Q

cotton roll placement:

A

between biteblock and opposing teeth; NOT between biteblock and imaged teeth

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13
Q

two examples of incorrect placement

A
  1. absence of apical structures
  2. dropped sensor corner
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14
Q

cause of absence of apical structures

A

-sensor not positioned over apical area in mouth
-bite block not against occlusal/incisal edge
OR patient not biting down

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15
Q

cause of “tipping” aka dropped film corner

A

sensor not placed parallel with the occlusal / incisal surface of teeth

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16
Q

incorrect horizontal angulation

A

beam angulation horizontal
-dont want overlapping: want to see interproximals

(anterior and posterior bitewing placements)

17
Q

with horizontal angle, the central ray should be directed between

A

interproximal contacts of interest

and
projected perpendicular to sensor

18
Q

incorrect horizontal angulation caused by

A

central ray is not projected perpendicular to sensor

19
Q

(looking at fence straight on, between the wood pickets are open)

A

mesial to distal

20
Q

(looking at the fence from right to left, the spaces get narrower the farther left one looks

A

distal to mesial

21
Q

move (m/d) to (m/d)

A

move mesial to distal
KNOW

22
Q

two examples of beam angulation vertical

A
  1. foreshortened images
  2. elongated images

(distortion)

23
Q

cause of foreshortened images

A

(shortening the image)
1. excessive vertical angulation
2. beam is perpendicular to the sensor
3. with smaller active area, parts of image are missed

24
Q

the sensor placement is MORE critical with solid-state sensors, BUT with a smaller active image capture area AND long roots=

A

foreshortening is encouraged!

25
Q

cause of elongated images

A
  1. insufficient vertical angulation
  2. beam is perpendicular to the tooth
26
Q

point up: foreshorterning
pointing down: elongation
???? idk he said this in lecture

A
27
Q

BID/PID alignment problems

A

cone cuts:
1. with sensor holder
2. without sensor holder

28
Q

PID alignment problems with cone cuts with sensor holder cause

A

-PID not properly aligned with the sensor holding device from:
1. incorrect XCP assembly
2. poor alignment of PID with XCP

29
Q

PID alignment problems with cone cuts without sensor holder (XCP) cause

A

PID not directed at center of film

30
Q

II: exposure problems:

A
  1. overexposed
  2. underexposed
  3. no exposure
  4. sensor wire superimposition
  5. post exposure
31
Q

what exposure problems are less dramatic because post-exposure image processing by the software immediately corrects large exposure

A
  1. overexposed
  2. underexposed
32
Q

overexposed =

A

HIGH density image
a. increased time
b. increased mA
c. increased kV

all contribute to being too dark

33
Q

causes excessive exposure to x-radiation from excess time, kVp, mA, or any combo of these

A

overexposed images

34
Q

cause insufficient exposure time, kVP, mA, or any combo of these

-in SoF radiology, ____is the main cause

A

underexposed image

TIME

35
Q

underexposed:

A
  1. insufficient
    -time
    -mA
    -kVp

excessive tube-receptor distance; released to INVERSE SQAURE LAW

36
Q

excessive tube-receptor distance; released to INVERSE SQAURE LAW

A

underexposed

37
Q

faulty program software image setting: calibration files

A

exposure problems: post exposure image processing

38
Q

faulty program software image settings: + gain, gamma, -gam

A

gain:
adjusts bright tones and brings more information into the highlights of an image

gamma correction:
adjusts midtones of an image by adjusting each pixel value in an image.
usually performed automatically on a PC monitor, but the precision is adjustable

39
Q

failure to remove a non-fixed item from patient that may be in path of the primary xray beam

A

patient preparation problem

40
Q

patient preparation problem examples

A

eyeglasses
frame
RPD left in mouth
gum or candy
piercing

41
Q

what happens if dont remove jewelry

A

risks masking disease

ORAL RADIOLOGY EXAM 2 (16 decks)

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