Skull and vertebral column Flashcards
what is the axial skeleton?
various bones that make up the skull
what are the major components of the axial skeleton?
skull
vertebrae+discs
Ribs+cartilages
Sacrum
Coccyx
what are the functions of the skull?
- protecting brain and brainstem
- protecting sensory organs
- attachment site fo muscles involved in speech, chewing, eye movement, facial expression
what are the joints of the skull?
Sutures
Temporomandibular joint
what type of joints are sutures?
fibrous joints
what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
synovial joint
what are the features of the mandible?
- it attaches to the temporal bone via the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- It is a site for muscle attachments
- It has alveolar process for teeth
what is the skull made up of?
Viscerocranium
Neurocranium
what are the singular bones of the skull?
Mandible, ethmoid, vomer
what are the paired bones of the skull?
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Palatine
Nasal
Lacrimal
Inferior nasal conchae
what are the single bones of the neurocranium?
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
occipital
what are the paired bones of the neurocranium?
temporal
parietal
what is the skull frontal bone?
-forms the anterior and superior walls
- articulates with other bones via sutures
what are the features of the frontal bone?
- Supraorbital notch/foramen (contains supraorbital vein, artery, nerve)
- Supraorbital ridge- on top of eyebrows
what are the parietal bones of the skull?
-form the lateral and superior walls
- has temporal lines for temporalis muscle
- contribute to pterion (weak part of the skull)
what are the features of each temporal bones?
- a mandibular fossa for the TMJ
- mastoid and styloid processes
- zygomatic process
- internal and external acoustic meatus
what are the features of the occipital bone?
- forms posterior and floor of vault
- occipital protuberance (for muscle and ligament attachment)
- occipital condyles (for C1 articulation)
-foramen magnum (for spinal cord)
what are the structures on the base of the skull?
-Anterior cranical fossa
-Middle cranial fossae
-Hypophyseal fossa
-Posterior cranial fossa
what is the function of the vertebral Column?
-Protecting the spinal cord and spinal nerves
-Keep the torso upright and attachment to pelvic girdle for bipedalism
-Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
what are the mobile vertebrae?
-Cervical (7)
-Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
what are the fused vertebrae?
-Sacral (5)
-coccygeal (3-4)
what are the features of typical vertebrae?
-body
-pedicle
-transverse process
-Lamina
-spinous process
-Articular processes
what are the features of the cervical vertebrae?
- small body
- Bifurcated spinous process
- transverse foramina for vertebral artery
- C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) are specialized
what are the features of thoracic vertebrae?
- spinous process points downward
- has costal facets for rib attachment: superior, inferior, transverse
- little movement between two adjacent vertebrae
- multiple thoracic vertebrae allow more movements
what are the features of lumbar vertebrae?
- large body for load bearing (transmit force from upper body)
- Do not allow much movement
- Distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2
- Only cauda equina below this level; important site for lumbar puncture
what is the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae
Forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis
It has sacral canal (superior), sacral hiatus (inferior)
what is the coccyx?
-the number varies between people
- Vestigial tail in humans
- forms the sacrococcygeal symphysis
- Easily fractured, deteriorates with age
what is the zygapophyseal joint?
a synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
- it forms the invertebral foramen, for spinal nerve
where are intervertebral discs found?
between vertebrae, consisting of anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
where are the vertebral ligaments located?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to the vertebral body
where is ligamentum flavum located?
between the adjacent lamina
where does the ligamentum nuchae run?
It extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support
what are the vertebral ligaments?
-Ligamentum nuchae
- Supraspinous ligament
-Interspinous ligament
where is the supraspinous ligament?
Connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum
where is the interspinous ligament?
between spinous processes
what is whiplash injury?
Hyperextension of the neck
- Anterior longitudinal ligament is stretch or torn
