Muscles of the vertebral column and torso Flashcards
what is the function of the vertebral column?
Posture - helps to keep balance and upright standing
-support head, neck and trunk
-protects spinal cord and spinal nerves
what are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
Primary- kyphosis
Secondary- Lordosis
what is the purpose of the vertebral column curvatures?
-developed for upright position
-provide flexability and absorbance
what are the movements that the vertebral column facilitates?
Trunk movement
- flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
what are the three layers of the intrinsic back muscles?
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
what are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?
spinotransversales
what are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?
erector spinae
what are the deep intrinsic back muscles?
transversospinalis
what are the spinotransversales muslces?
-Splenius capitis
-Splenius cervicis
what is the function of the spinotransversales muscles?
Bilaterally- extend the neck
Individually- rotate the head
what are the muscles that make up the erector spinae?
-Iliocostalis (lateral)
-Longissimus (intermediate)
-Spinalis (medial)
what is the function of the erector spinae muscles?
Bilaterally- extend the back
Maintain posture
Individually- lateral flexion
what is back strain?
-Common injury from overly strong contraction
- The muscles are stretched and may have microscopic tearing
what are the transversospinales muscles?
- rotatores
- Multifidus
- Semispinalis
what is the muscle fibre orientation of the transversospinales muscles?
They run upwards, medially and obliquely from transverse processes to spinous processes
what are the features of the rotatores muscles?
-present throughout the entire length of the vertebral column
-extends from 1-2 vertebrae
-best seen in the thoracic area
what is the function of the rotatores muscles?
-Stabilize the vertebral column and maintain posture
- Bilaterally- extend back
- Ipsilaterally- lateral flexion
-assist in rotation
what are the features of the multifidus muscles?
Spans the entire length of the vertebral column
- extends from 2-4 vertebrae
- best seen in the lumbar area
what is the function of the multifidus muscles?
Bilaterally- extend back
Stabilize the vertebral column and maintain posture
Ipsilaterally- laterally flex
what are the features of semispinalis muscles?
-runs for about half of the vertebral column
- best seen at the back of the neck
what is the function of semispinalis?
Bilaterally extend the back, involved in posture
Individually rotate the vertebral column
what are the movements of the trunK?
Flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
what does the diaphragm seperate?
The thoracic and abdominal cavities
what makes up the anterolateral wall of the trunk?
External oblique muscles
Internal oblique muscles
Transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
what is the muscle fibre orientation of the external oblique muscles?
The muscle fibers are running inferiorly and medially
what is the function of the external oblique muscles?
The increase the pressure in the abdominal cavity
what is the muscle fiber orientation of the internal oblique muscles?
The muscle fibers are running superiorly and medially
what is the function of the oblique muscles?
Helo with trunk rotation and lateral flexion
what is the muscle fiber orientation of the transversus abdominis?
The muscle fibers are running transversely
what is the function of rectus abdominis?
Vertical muscle for trunk flexion
what is the entrance to the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring
what is the exit to the inguinal canal?
Superficial inguinal ring
what runs through the inguinal canal in males?
spermatic cord
what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia laterally, Conjoint tendon medially
what forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
what forms the roof of the inguinal canal?
Internal obliques and the transverse abdominous aponeuroses
what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
External obliques aponeurosis
what is the conjoint tendon?
internal oblique + transversus abdominis aponeuroses
what does the inguinal canal contain in females?
- round ligament
- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
- Ilioinguinal nerve
what does the inguinal canal contain in males?
- spermatic cord
containing (vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
-Ilioinguinal nerve
how do the testicles descend?
Carry the different layers of muscle as they descend
where do the testes develop?
In the extraperitoneal tissue on the posterior abdominal wall, but later migrate to enter the scrotum
when during development do the testes travel through the inguinal canal?
week 28
what is a hernia?
Protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
what are the different types of hernia?
-Inguinal
-Femoral
-Umbilical
-Incisional
-Hiatal
-Diastasis recti
what are the different types of inguinal hernia?
Indirect
Direct
what is an indirect inguinal hernia?
More common
- due to patent processus vaginalis
- transverses the inguinal canal (through deep then superficial inguinal ring)
what is a direct inguinal hernia?
Less common
- due to weakness of the anterior abdominal wall
- pass through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
