Muscles of the vertebral column and torso

Question 1

what is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 1

Posture - helps to keep balance and upright standing
-support head, neck and trunk
-protects spinal cord and spinal nerves

Question 2

what are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 2

Primary- kyphosis
Secondary- Lordosis

Question 3

what is the purpose of the vertebral column curvatures?

Answer 3

-developed for upright position
-provide flexability and absorbance

Question 4

what are the movements that the vertebral column facilitates?

Answer 4

Trunk movement
- flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Question 5

what are the three layers of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 5

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

Question 6

what are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 6

spinotransversales

Question 7

what are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 7

erector spinae

Question 8

what are the deep intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 8

transversospinalis

Question 9

what are the spinotransversales muslces?

Answer 9

-Splenius capitis
-Splenius cervicis

Question 10

what is the function of the spinotransversales muscles?

Answer 10

Bilaterally- extend the neck
Individually- rotate the head

Question 11

what are the muscles that make up the erector spinae?

Answer 11

-Iliocostalis (lateral)
-Longissimus (intermediate)
-Spinalis (medial)

Question 12

what is the function of the erector spinae muscles?

Answer 12

Bilaterally- extend the back
Maintain posture
Individually- lateral flexion

Question 13

what is back strain?

Answer 13

-Common injury from overly strong contraction
- The muscles are stretched and may have microscopic tearing

Question 14

what are the transversospinales muscles?

Answer 14

• rotatores
• Multifidus
• Semispinalis

Question 15

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the transversospinales muscles?

Answer 15

They run upwards, medially and obliquely from transverse processes to spinous processes

Question 16

what are the features of the rotatores muscles?

Answer 16

-present throughout the entire length of the vertebral column
-extends from 1-2 vertebrae
-best seen in the thoracic area

Question 17

what is the function of the rotatores muscles?

Answer 17

-Stabilize the vertebral column and maintain posture
- Bilaterally- extend back
- Ipsilaterally- lateral flexion
-assist in rotation

Question 18

what are the features of the multifidus muscles?

Answer 18

Spans the entire length of the vertebral column
- extends from 2-4 vertebrae
- best seen in the lumbar area

Question 19

what is the function of the multifidus muscles?

Answer 19

Bilaterally- extend back
Stabilize the vertebral column and maintain posture
Ipsilaterally- laterally flex

Question 20

what are the features of semispinalis muscles?

Answer 20

-runs for about half of the vertebral column
- best seen at the back of the neck

Question 21

what is the function of semispinalis?

Answer 21

Bilaterally extend the back, involved in posture
Individually rotate the vertebral column

Question 22

what are the movements of the trunK?

Answer 22

Flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation

Question 23

what does the diaphragm seperate?

Answer 23

The thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 24

what makes up the anterolateral wall of the trunk?

Answer 24

External oblique muscles
Internal oblique muscles
Transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

Question 25

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the external oblique muscles?

Answer 25

The muscle fibers are running inferiorly and medially

Question 26

what is the function of the external oblique muscles?

Answer 26

The increase the pressure in the abdominal cavity

Question 27

what is the muscle fiber orientation of the internal oblique muscles?

Answer 27

The muscle fibers are running superiorly and medially

Question 28

what is the function of the oblique muscles?

Answer 28

Helo with trunk rotation and lateral flexion

Question 29

what is the muscle fiber orientation of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 29

The muscle fibers are running transversely

Question 30

what is the function of rectus abdominis?

Answer 30

Vertical muscle for trunk flexion

Question 31

what is the entrance to the inguinal canal?

Answer 31

Deep inguinal ring

Question 32

what is the exit to the inguinal canal?

Answer 32

Superficial inguinal ring

Question 33

what runs through the inguinal canal in males?

Answer 33

spermatic cord

Question 34

what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 34

Transversalis fascia laterally, Conjoint tendon medially

Question 35

what forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 35

Inguinal ligament

Question 36

what forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

Answer 36

Internal obliques and the transverse abdominous aponeuroses

Question 37

what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 37

External obliques aponeurosis

Question 38

what is the conjoint tendon?

Answer 38

internal oblique + transversus abdominis aponeuroses

Question 39

what does the inguinal canal contain in females?

Answer 39

• round ligament
• genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
• Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 40

what does the inguinal canal contain in males?

Answer 40

• spermatic cord
  containing (vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  -Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 41

how do the testicles descend?

Answer 41

Carry the different layers of muscle as they descend

Question 42

where do the testes develop?

Answer 42

In the extraperitoneal tissue on the posterior abdominal wall, but later migrate to enter the scrotum

Question 43

when during development do the testes travel through the inguinal canal?

Answer 43

week 28

Question 44

what is a hernia?

Answer 44

Protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

Question 45

what are the different types of hernia?

Answer 45

-Inguinal
-Femoral
-Umbilical
-Incisional
-Hiatal
-Diastasis recti

Question 46

what are the different types of inguinal hernia?

Answer 46

Indirect
Direct

Question 47

what is an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 47

More common
- due to patent processus vaginalis
- transverses the inguinal canal (through deep then superficial inguinal ring)

Question 48

what is a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 48

Less common
- due to weakness of the anterior abdominal wall
- pass through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal