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ANAT241- Module 3 > Pelvic Girdle and hip > Flashcards

Pelvic Girdle and hip Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the lower limb?

A

Movement and bipedal locomotion
Weight bearing
Force transmission

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2
Q

what are the regions of the lower limb?

A

Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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3
Q

where is the gluteal?

A

pelvis area

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4
Q

where is the thigh?

A

Between hip and knee

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5
Q

where is the leg?

A

between the knee and ankle

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6
Q

what lower limb movement is in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension

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7
Q

what lower limb movement is in the Frontal/coronal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction

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8
Q

what lower limb movement is in the transverse plane?

A

Rotation (internal/medial, external/lateral)

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9
Q

what is circumduction?

A

multiaxial movement

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10
Q

what compartmentalises the musculoskeletal system?

A

separated by fasia

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11
Q

what are the muscle regions of the lower limb?

A

Anterior, medial and posterior

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12
Q

what does each muscle region in the lower limb share?

A

A common function
A common blood and nerve supply

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13
Q

what are the 3 plexuses in the body?

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbosacral

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14
Q

What nerve plexus supplies the lower limb?

A

Lumbrosacral

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15
Q

what forms the lumbrosacral plexus?

A

the anterior rami of L1 to S4

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16
Q

what are the three main nerves of the lower limb?

A

Sciatic
Femoral
Obturator

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17
Q

where is the sciatic nerve?

A

in the tibial and common fibular

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18
Q

where is the femoral nerve?

A

underneath the inguinal ligament

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19
Q

where is the obturator nerve?

A

on the medial foramin

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20
Q

what do nerves supply?

A

muscles, joints over which they pass, and other tissues such as skin

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21
Q

what are the tissue layer of the lower limb? Superficial to deep.

A

Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles
Bone

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22
Q

what region of the skin does the obturator nerve supply?

A

the medial thigh

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23
Q

what region of the skin does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Supplies the anterior thigh and medial leg skin

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24
Q

what are the arteries that make up the arterial supply to the lower limb?

A

Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Fermoral artery

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25
Q

when does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

when it passes underneath the inguinal ligament

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26
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

to return deoxygenated blood back towards the heart

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27
Q

what are the features of veins?

A

low blood pressure
blood moves against gravity
Have valves

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28
Q

what is the function of valves in the lower limb?

A

prevent back-flow against gravity

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29
Q

what are the two mechanisms that help venous blood movement?

A

Arteriovenous pump
Musculovenouse pump

30
Q

what is the arteriovenous pump?

A

arterial pulse helps warm and push blood in accompanying veins

31
Q

what is the musculovenouse pump?

A

when skeletal muscle contracts, muscle bellies expansion helps propel venous blood

32
Q

where are superfical veins located?

A

outside to the deep fascia

33
Q

where are deep veins located?

A

Inside the muscle compartment

34
Q

what are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein

35
Q

where does the great saphenous vein empty?

A

into the femoral vein

36
Q

where does the small saphenous vein empty?

A

into the popliteal vein?

37
Q

what happens when the vein valves fail?

A

leads to varicose veins

38
Q

what are the components of the pelvic girdle?

A

Vertebrae
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pelvis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Inguinal ligament
Pubic tubercle
Femur

39
Q

what is the pelvic girdle?

A

osteoligomentous ring connected by sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis

40
Q

what makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum
Hip bones
Many ligaments

41
Q

what does the pelvic girdle laterally articulate with?

A

The Femora on either side

42
Q

what does the pelvic girdle inferiorly articulate with?

A

the Coccyx

43
Q

what does the pelvic girdle superiorly articulate with?

A

L5, the disc and verterbral body

44
Q

what is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments?

A

Sacroiliac ligaments help stabilize the sacroiliac joint

45
Q

what are the sacroiliac ligaments?

A

Anterior
Interosseous (between bone)
Posterior

46
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae, contributes to the sacroiliac joint

It hs a sacral canal (superior) and sacral hiatus (inferior)

It is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains sacral spinal nerves (spinal cord ends at L1/L2 level)

47
Q

what are the features of the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Glutel lines
Acetabulum
Ishium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis

48
Q

what are the 3 fused bones of the pelvis?

A

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

49
Q

what is the joint at the acetabulum?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

50
Q

when do the pelvic bones fuse?

A

late teens (~16-18)

51
Q

what attaches at the pelvis ischial tuberosity?

A

Hamstrings
-extend the thigh
-flex the knee

52
Q

what attaches at the iliac fossa?

A

The iliacus muscle (hip flexor)

53
Q

what is the obturator foramen?

A

Covered by obturator membrane
Obturator nerve and vessels pass through it

54
Q

where are the attachment sites of the inguinal ligament?

A

The anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle

55
Q

what is the inguinal canal?

A

superior to the inguinal ligament. Relevance to inguinal hernia

56
Q

what is the femoral artery?

A

under the inguinal ligament. Location for catheterization

57
Q

what ligaments form the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The sacrospinous ligament
The Sacrotuberous ligament

58
Q

what is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

Resist rotation of sacrum between hip bones
Form boundaries of greater and lesser sciatic foramina

59
Q

what structures exit through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Piriformis muscle
Superior and inferior gluteal nerves and associated blood vessels
The sciatic nerve

60
Q

what muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?

A

the hip abductor muscles
-Gluteus medius
-Gluteus minimus

61
Q

what muscles attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

the iliopsoas
- psoas major
- iliacus

62
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial joint

63
Q

what are the features of a synovial joint?

A

ball and socket
Multiaxial

64
Q

what are the components of the hip joint?

A

Acetabulum
Head of femur

65
Q

what are the functions of the hip joint?

A

Links the lower limb to the pelvis
Transmits upper body weight to the lower limb
Designed for stability (most stable joint in the body)
2nd most moble joint in the body

66
Q

what are the two layers of the hip joint capsule?

A

Outer, fibrous layer
Inner, synovial membrane

67
Q

where does the hip joint capsule attach?

A

attaches around margin of acetabulum and to femoral neck

Reinforced by ligamenst

68
Q

what is the function of the hip joints capsular ligaments?

A

Stabilizes and strengthens the joint
All ligaments are tight with hip extension
This position is energy efficient

69
Q

what are the hip joint capsular ligaments?

A

Iliofemoral (Y-shaped, strongest)
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral

70
Q

what is the acetabular labrum?

A

Fibrocartilage structure, attached to the rim of the acetabulum
It increases the articular area by ~10% to help fit the femoral head into the acetabulum

ANAT241- Module 3 (9 decks)

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