Pelvic Girdle and hip Flashcards
what is the function of the lower limb?
Movement and bipedal locomotion
Weight bearing
Force transmission
what are the regions of the lower limb?
Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot
where is the gluteal?
pelvis area
where is the thigh?
Between hip and knee
where is the leg?
between the knee and ankle
what lower limb movement is in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
what lower limb movement is in the Frontal/coronal plane?
Abduction and adduction
what lower limb movement is in the transverse plane?
Rotation (internal/medial, external/lateral)
what is circumduction?
multiaxial movement
what compartmentalises the musculoskeletal system?
separated by fasia
what are the muscle regions of the lower limb?
Anterior, medial and posterior
what does each muscle region in the lower limb share?
A common function
A common blood and nerve supply
what are the 3 plexuses in the body?
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbosacral
What nerve plexus supplies the lower limb?
Lumbrosacral
what forms the lumbrosacral plexus?
the anterior rami of L1 to S4
what are the three main nerves of the lower limb?
Sciatic
Femoral
Obturator
where is the sciatic nerve?
in the tibial and common fibular
where is the femoral nerve?
underneath the inguinal ligament
where is the obturator nerve?
on the medial foramin
what do nerves supply?
muscles, joints over which they pass, and other tissues such as skin
what are the tissue layer of the lower limb? Superficial to deep.
Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles
Bone
what region of the skin does the obturator nerve supply?
the medial thigh
what region of the skin does the femoral nerve supply?
Supplies the anterior thigh and medial leg skin
what are the arteries that make up the arterial supply to the lower limb?
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Fermoral artery
when does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
when it passes underneath the inguinal ligament
what is the function of veins?
to return deoxygenated blood back towards the heart
what are the features of veins?
low blood pressure
blood moves against gravity
Have valves
what is the function of valves in the lower limb?
prevent back-flow against gravity
what are the two mechanisms that help venous blood movement?
Arteriovenous pump
Musculovenouse pump
what is the arteriovenous pump?
arterial pulse helps warm and push blood in accompanying veins
what is the musculovenouse pump?
when skeletal muscle contracts, muscle bellies expansion helps propel venous blood
where are superfical veins located?
outside to the deep fascia
where are deep veins located?
Inside the muscle compartment
what are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
where does the great saphenous vein empty?
into the femoral vein
where does the small saphenous vein empty?
into the popliteal vein?
what happens when the vein valves fail?
leads to varicose veins
what are the components of the pelvic girdle?
Vertebrae
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pelvis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Inguinal ligament
Pubic tubercle
Femur
what is the pelvic girdle?
osteoligomentous ring connected by sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis
what makes up the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum
Hip bones
Many ligaments
what does the pelvic girdle laterally articulate with?
The Femora on either side
what does the pelvic girdle inferiorly articulate with?
the Coccyx
what does the pelvic girdle superiorly articulate with?
L5, the disc and verterbral body
what is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments?
Sacroiliac ligaments help stabilize the sacroiliac joint
what are the sacroiliac ligaments?
Anterior
Interosseous (between bone)
Posterior
what is the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae, contributes to the sacroiliac joint
It hs a sacral canal (superior) and sacral hiatus (inferior)
It is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains sacral spinal nerves (spinal cord ends at L1/L2 level)
what are the features of the pelvis?
Ilium
Glutel lines
Acetabulum
Ishium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis
what are the 3 fused bones of the pelvis?
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
what is the joint at the acetabulum?
Ball-and-socket joint
when do the pelvic bones fuse?
late teens (~16-18)
what attaches at the pelvis ischial tuberosity?
Hamstrings
-extend the thigh
-flex the knee
what attaches at the iliac fossa?
The iliacus muscle (hip flexor)
what is the obturator foramen?
Covered by obturator membrane
Obturator nerve and vessels pass through it
where are the attachment sites of the inguinal ligament?
The anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
what is the inguinal canal?
superior to the inguinal ligament. Relevance to inguinal hernia
what is the femoral artery?
under the inguinal ligament. Location for catheterization
what ligaments form the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?
The sacrospinous ligament
The Sacrotuberous ligament
what is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?
Resist rotation of sacrum between hip bones
Form boundaries of greater and lesser sciatic foramina
what structures exit through the greater sciatic foramen?
Piriformis muscle
Superior and inferior gluteal nerves and associated blood vessels
The sciatic nerve
what muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?
the hip abductor muscles
-Gluteus medius
-Gluteus minimus
what muscles attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur?
the iliopsoas
- psoas major
- iliacus
what type of joint is the hip joint?
Synovial joint
what are the features of a synovial joint?
ball and socket
Multiaxial
what are the components of the hip joint?
Acetabulum
Head of femur
what are the functions of the hip joint?
Links the lower limb to the pelvis
Transmits upper body weight to the lower limb
Designed for stability (most stable joint in the body)
2nd most moble joint in the body
what are the two layers of the hip joint capsule?
Outer, fibrous layer
Inner, synovial membrane
where does the hip joint capsule attach?
attaches around margin of acetabulum and to femoral neck
Reinforced by ligamenst
what is the function of the hip joints capsular ligaments?
Stabilizes and strengthens the joint
All ligaments are tight with hip extension
This position is energy efficient
what are the hip joint capsular ligaments?
Iliofemoral (Y-shaped, strongest)
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
what is the acetabular labrum?
Fibrocartilage structure, attached to the rim of the acetabulum
It increases the articular area by ~10% to help fit the femoral head into the acetabulum
