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AY Dermatology > Skin structure & function > Flashcards

Skin structure & function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A

Keratin Layer
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer

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2
Q

What are Blaschko’s lines?

A

Developmental growth pattern of skin (not following nerves, vessels, lymphatics)

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3
Q

What is the sub-cutis predominantly made up of?

A

Fat

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4
Q

What cels make up 95% of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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5
Q

What cells are in the epidermis?

A

Kertinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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6
Q

What factors control epidermal turnover?

A

Growth factor
Cell death
Hormones

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7
Q

In what conditions is there a loss of control of epidermal turnover?

A

Skin cacer

Psoriasis

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8
Q

Where do keratinocytes migrate from?.

A

Basement membrane

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9
Q

How long does it take keratinocytes to migrate from the basement membrane to top of skin?

A

2 days

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10
Q

How many cells thick is the basal layer?

A

One

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11
Q

What are the properties of the basal layer?

A

Highly metabolically active

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12
Q

What is the prickle cell layer made up of?

A

Larger polyhedral cells with lots of desmosomes

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13
Q

What does the granular layer contain?

A

2-3 layers of flatter cells
Large keratohyalin granules
Odland bodies
High lipid content

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14
Q

What does a HPV infection of keratinocytes cause?

A

Warts

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15
Q

What are the main 2 compenents of the keratin layer?

A

Keratin

Filaggrin

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16
Q

What is the function of the keratin layer?

A

Tight waterproof barrier

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17
Q

What is the embryological origin of melanocytes?

A

Migrrate from neural crest to epidermis in the first 3 months of foetal development

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18
Q

In which layers are melanocytes found?

A

Basal layer and above

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19
Q

What are the organelles inside melanocytes called?

A

Melanosomes

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20
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin pigment?

A

Eumelanin (brown or black)

Phaemelanin (red, yellow)

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22
Q

How are melanosomes transferred to adjacent keratinocytes?

A

Via dendrities

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23
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune disease with loss of melanocytes

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24
Q

What is the embryonic origin of langerhans cells?

A

Mesenchymal origin - bone marrow

25
Q

Where are Langerhan cells found?

A

PCL in epidermis also found in deris & lymph nodes

26
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

Immune system - antigen presenting & pick up antigen in skin and circulat eot lymph nodes via lymphatic system

27
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Basal layer betwee keratinocytes & nerve fibres

28
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

29
Q

Which gland is adjacent to hair follicles?

A

Sebaceous gland

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen (growing)
Catagen (involuting)
Telogen (resting)

31
Q

What is the role of the DEJ?

A

Support anchorage, adhesion, growth and differentiation of epidermal cells
Semi-permeable membrane acting as a barrier anf filter

32
Q

Which inherited skin fragilities arise from a mutation in one of the proteins in the DEJ?

A

Epidermolysis bullosa - simplex (EBS) or dystrophic (EBD)

33
Q

Wha acquired conditions arise from auto-antibodies to the proteins in the DEJ?

A

Bullous pemphigoid
Bullous pemphigus
Dermatitis herpeteformis

34
Q

What are the main components of the dermis?

A

Cells
Fibres (collagen, elastin)
Ground substance
Blood vessels/lymphatics/nerves

35
Q

What do fibroblasts do in the dermis?

A

Secrete collagen

36
Q

What do macrophages do in the dermis?

A

Scavengers

Antigen presentation

37
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes in the dermis?

A

Immune reactions

38
Q

What is the function of Langerhan cells in the dermis?

A

Antigen presentation

39
Q

Why is the blood suply to the skin greater than metabolic needs?

A

Temperature control

40
Q

Examples of a localised overgrowth of blood vessels?

A

Port wine stain

41
Q

What do lymphatic vessels continually drain from the skin?

A

Plasma proteins

excess interstitial fluid

42
Q

What are the important immune function of lymphatic vessels in the skin?

A

Immune surveillance by circulating lymphocytes and Langerhans cells
Channelling of micro-organisms/toxins

43
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Pressure

44
Q

What do meissners corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration

45
Q

Where on the body are sebaceous glands normally found?

A

Face & chest

46
Q

What stimulates sebaceous glands?

A

Hormones (quiescent pre-puberty)

47
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A

Sebum

48
Q

Functions of sebaceous glands?

A

Control moisture loss

Protection from bacterial & fungal infection

49
Q

Where on the body are apocrine sweat glands normally found?

A

Axillae & perineum

50
Q

What stimulates apocrine glands?

A

Androgen

51
Q

What do apocrine glands produce?

A

Oliy fluid (odour after bacterial decomposition)

52
Q

Where in particular are eccrine glands found?

A

Palms, soles and axillae

53
Q

What stimulates eccrine glands?

A

sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

54
Q

What are the functions of eccrine glands?

A

Cooling by evaporation

Moisten palms/soles to aid grip

55
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Barrier function 
Metabolism & detoxification 
Thermoregulation 
Immune defence
Communication 
Sensory functions
56
Q

What are the consequences of the failure of the skin as a barrier?

A

Dehydration
Hypoalbuminaemia
Infection

57
Q

______ is converted to Vitamin D3 by UV light?

A

Cholecalciferol

58
Q

What is Vitamin D3 stored as and where?

A

Stored as dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney

59
Q

Where is T4 converted to T3?

A 
20% = thyroid gland 
80% = peripheral tissues including skin

AY Dermatology (11 decks)

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