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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of staph?

A

Coagulase positive

Coagulase negative

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2
Q

Example of coagulase positive staph

A

Staph aureus

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3
Q

Examples of coagulase negative staph

A

Staph. epidermis

Staph. saprophyticus

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4
Q

What are gram positive cocci in chains more commonly known as?

A

Streptococci

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5
Q

What are the 3 categories of strep?

A

a-haemolytic
B-haemolytic
non-haemolytic

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6
Q

What are the 2 a-haemolytic strep?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

Strep.viridans

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7
Q

Which organism is non-haemolytic strep?

A

Enterococcus sp.

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8
Q

Common infections caused by staph aureus?

A

Wound
Skin
Bone
Joint

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9
Q

What infections tend to be caused by staph epidermis?

A

Artificial joints
Artificial heart valves
IV catheters

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10
Q

What infections are caused by group A beta-haemolytic strep?

A

Throat

Severe skin infections

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11
Q

What infections are caused by group B beta-haemolytic strep?

A

Meningitis in neonates

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12
Q

What infections does enterococcus tend to cause?

A

UTI

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13
Q

What bacterial skin infections is staph aureus associated with?

A 
Infected eczema
Impetigo 
Wound infection 
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 
Cellulitis
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14
Q

What skin infections can be caused by strep pyogenes?

A 
Infected eczema 
Impetigo 
Cellulitis 
Erysipelas 
Necrotising fasciitis
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15
Q

Treatment of choice for skin infections caused by staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

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16
Q

Treatment of choice for strep pyogenes

A

Penicillin

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17
Q

What is necrotising fasciitis?

A

Bacterial infection spreading along fascial planes below skin surface = rapid tissue destruction

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18
Q

What are the organisms that cause type 1 necrotising fasciiitis?

A

Mixed anaerobes & coliforms

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19
Q

When does type 1 necrotising fasciitis normally occur?

A

Post-abdominal surgery

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20
Q

What organisms cause type II necrotising fasciitis?

A

Group A strep

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21
Q

Treatment of necrotising fasciitis

A

Urgent surgical opinion & debridement

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22
Q

What type of ringworm infects the scalp?

A

Tinea capitis

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23
Q

What type of ringworm infects the beard?

A

Tinea barbae

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24
Q

What type of ringworm infects the body?

A

Tinea corporis

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25
What type of ringworm infects the hand?
Tinea manuum
26
What type of ringworm infects the nails?
Tinea unguium
27
What type of ringworm infects the groin?
Tinea cruris
28
What type of ringworm infects the foot?
Tinea pedis (athletes foot)
29
Pathogenesis of dermatophyte
Fungus enters abraded or soggy skin Hyphae spread in stratum corneum Infects keratinised tissue only (skin, hair, nails) Increased epidermal turnover causes scaling Inflammatory response provoked (dermis) Hair follicles & shafts invaded Lesion grows outward and heals in centre ('ring' appearance)
30
Who does scalp ringworm mainly affect?
Children
31
Are dermatophyte infections more common in men or women?
Men
32
What are the 3 sources of dermatophyte infection?
Other humans Animals Soil
33
What is wood's light.,
A UV light used in a darkened room
34
What organisms is a woods light used to identify?
Fungi
35
Treatment for dermatophyte infections of small areas of infected skin
Clotrimazole cream | Amorolfine (topical nail paint)
36
Treatment of scalp dermatophyte infections
Terbinafine orally | Itraconazole orally
37
Where on the body are candida infections seen?
Under breasts in females Groin areas Abdominal skin folds Nappy area in babies
38
Treatment of candida skin infection
Clotrimazole cream | Oral fluconazole
39
What is the highly infectious chronic crusted form of scabies called?
Norwegian scabies
40
What is the incubation period of scabies?
6 weeks
41
Clinical presentation of scabies
Intensely itchy rash affecting finger webs, wrists, genital area
42
Treatment of scabies
``` Malathion lotion (applied all over body and left overnight then washed the next day) Benzyl benzoate ```
43
Who should benzyl benzoate be avoided in?
Children
44
What are pediculus capitis?
Head lice
45
What are pediculus corporis?
Body louse
46
What are pthirus pubis?
Pubic lice
47
Treatment of lice
Malathion
48
What virus causes both chicken pox & shingles?
Varicella zoster virus
49
Clinical presentation of chicken pox
Macules to papules to vesicles to scars to recovery Fever Itch
50
Complications of chicken pox
``` Secondary bacterial infection Pneumonitis Haemorrhagic Scarring Encephalitis ```
51
What can cause neonatal VSV?
Chicken pox in mother in late pregnancy
52
What is shingles?
Reactivation of Herpes Zoster virus
53
Presentation of shingles
Rash in dermatomal distribution Often in elderly & immunocomprimised Neuralgic pain
54
When is an urgent referral to opthamology indicated for shingles?
If the shingles is affecting the opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve
55
Clinical presentation of Ramsay-Hunt syndrome
Vesicles & pain in auditory canal and throat Facial palsy Irritation of CNVIII (deafness, vertigo, tinnitus)
56
How long does primary gingivostomatitis caused by HSB last?
1 week
57
What does HSV type 1 cause?
Oral lesions Half of genital herpes Encephalitis
58
What does HSV type 2 cause?
Rare cause of oral lesions Causes half of genital herpes Encephalitis/disseminate infection (particularly in neonates)
59
What analogue can be used to treat HSV & VSV?
Aciclovir
60
Triggers of erythema multiforme
Drug interactions HSV Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacterium
61
Appearance of erythema multiforme
Target lesions with erythema
62
Appearance of molluscum contagiosum
Fleshy, firm, umbilicated, pearlescent nodules
63
Who is molluscum contagiosum common in?
Children
64
Management of molluscum contagiosum
Self limiting but takes months to disappear | Can be treated with focal liquid nitrogen
65
What virus causes warts?
HPV
66
What can be applied topically to help get rid of warts?
Salicylic acid
67
What HPVs are most associated with genital warts?
Types 6 & 11
68
Which HPVs are associated with cervical cancer?
Types 16 & 18
69
What is herpangina?
Blistering rash at back of mouth
70
What causes herpangina?
Enteroviruses - coxsackie virus - echovirus
71
Who does hand, foot and mouth disease typically present in?
Typically children (family outbreaks)
72
What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?
Enteroviruses (especially coxsackie virus)
73
What is erythema infectiosum also known as?
Slapped cheek
74
What causes slapped cheek?
Parvovirus B19
75
Presentation of erythema infectiosum?
Slapped cheek appearance | As facial rash fades a lacy macular rash on the body appears
76
How may erythema infectiosum present particularly in adults?
Acute polyarthritis of the small joints
77
Complications of parvovirus B19
Spontaneous abortion Aplastic crises (sudden drop in Hb) Chronic anaemia
78
How is erythema infectiosum diagnosed?
Parvovirus B19 IgM test
79
What is orf?
Virus of sheep | "scabby mouth"
80
Clinical presentation of orf
Farmers | Firm, fleshy nodule on hands
81
What is the presentation of the primary infection of syphilis?
Painless ulcers at the site of entry
82
What is the secondary phase of syphilis infection?
Red rash over body Prominent on soles & palms of hands Mucous membrane "snail track" ulcers
83
What bacteria causes syphilis?
Bacterium treponema pallidum
84
How is syphilis diagnosed?
Blood test or swab of chancre for PCR
85
How is syphilis treated?
Penicillin injections
86
What is the vector of lymes disease?
Ticks
87
What bacteria causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
88
Early presentation of lyme disease
Erythema migricans
89
Late presentation of lyme disease
Heart block Nerve palsies Arthritis
90
How is lyme disease diagnosed?
Antibody to organism
91
Therapy of lyme disease
Doxycycline or amoxicillin
92
What does staph look like on gram stain?
Gram positive cocci in clusters

AY Dermatology (11 decks)

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