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Y2 Dermatology > Skin Structure and Function > Flashcards

Skin Structure and Function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Embryological origin of the epidermis

A

Ectoderm

Think Epidermis Ectoderm

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2
Q

Embryological origin of the dermis

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

Pattern of growth of skin development follows _______ _____ and rashes which may follow this pattern can be a sign of congenital developmental issues

A

Blaschko’s lines

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4
Q

Appendages of the skin may include (4)

A

Nails
Hair
Mucosae
Glands

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5
Q

The epidermis is made of what form of epithelium?

A

Stratifies squamous epithelium

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6
Q

4 main layers of epidermis, in order from top to bottom

A
  1. Keratin layer
  2. Granular layer
  3. Prickle cell layer
  4. Basal cell layer
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7
Q

3 cell types which do not originate from the epidermis, but are found there?

A
  1. Melanocytes
  2. Langerhans cells
  3. Merkel cells
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8
Q

4 Features of the Basal Cell layer

A
  1. One cell thick
  2. Small cuboidal cells
  3. Lots of intermediate keratin filaments
  4. Very metabolically active
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9
Q

4 Features of the Prickle Cell layer

A
  1. Large polyhedral cells
  2. Lots of connecting desmosomes
  3. Intermediate filaments connecting the desmosomes
  4. cells that evolve and produce proteins
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10
Q

4 Features of the Granular Cell layer

A
  1. 2-3 layers of flatter cells
  2. keratinohyaline granules containing filaggrin and involucrin
  3. high lipid content
  4. cell nuclei are lost here
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11
Q

4 Features of the Keratin layer

A
  1. lots of overlapping non-nucleated cells
  2. Waterproof
  3. 80% keratin and filaggrin
  4. insensitive to pain
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12
Q

Guess the cell type: These cells migrate from the neural crest

A

Melanocytes

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13
Q

Within which layers of the epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

from the basal layer and above

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14
Q

What type of cells are melanocytes?

A

pigment producing dendritic cells

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15
Q

What is the role of melanosomes found within melanocytes?

A

convert tyrosine to melanin

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16
Q

What are the two forms of melanin?

A
  1. Eumelanin

2. Phaeomelanin

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17
Q

Describe eumelanin

A

brown or black melanin with protective function. it is found in hair

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18
Q

Describe phaeomelanin

A

red or yellow melanin

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19
Q

How do melanocytes protect the keratinocytes?

A

The melanosomes migrate to the dendrites of the melanocyte and provide a protective kap over the nucleus of the keratinocyte.

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20
Q

What is a mole?

A

A nest of melanocytes

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21
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

The basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibres; they are ubiquitous

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22
Q

Function of Merkel Cells

A

Mechanoreceptors

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23
Q

What is the origin of Langerhans cells?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

From the Prickle cell layer and above, the dermis and the lymph nodes

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25
Q

Function of Langerhans cells

A

Aid the skin immune system by acting as APCs

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26
Q

What feature is unique to Langerhans cells?

A

Racket organelles which contain birbeck granules

This is a common exam question

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27
Q

How does the hair follicle develop?

A

Initially grows through an epidermal component and then down into the dermis to develop a dermal papilla

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28
Q

Where does pigmentation come from in hair?

A

melanocytes above the dermal papilla

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29
Q

Where does the hair follicle develop? (embryologically)

A

ectoderm

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30
Q

Phases of hair growth (3)

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

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31
Q

Anagen phase of hair growth

A

growth phase

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32
Q

Catagen phase of hair growth

A

involuting phase

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33
Q

Telogen phase of hair growth

A

resting phase

34
Q

Hormones which affect hair growth patterns (2)

A

thyroxine, androgens

35
Q

What contributes to male pattern baldness?

A

androgen hormone production

36
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

the abnormal growth of hair in females. Hair grows in areas associated with androgen receptors

37
Q

What may cause hirsutism?

A

a tumour

38
Q

What is alopecia (in brief)?

A

autoimmune hair loss

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nail plate?

A

ventral, intermediate, dorsal

40
Q

What is the difference in skin growth in psoriasis?

A

accelerated growth means a normally 28 day journey takes 4-5 days

41
Q

What defect occurs due to psoriasis?

A

defective granular cells with a loss of genetic control and sheets of skin which do not slough off easily

42
Q

What does HPV cause in the skin?

A

warts

43
Q

What cells do warts affect?

A

keratinocytes

44
Q

What is the basic process underlying vitiligo?

A

melanocytes are attacked by the immune system

45
Q

What is a potential treatment of vitiligo?

A

UV treatment to kill off the immune cells in the skin

46
Q

What is the downside of the treatment of vitiligo using UV light?

A

may cause malignant melanoma

47
Q

Basic process underlying Nelson’s Syndrome?

A

Cushing’s patients who have undergone a bilateral adrenalectomy may have raised levels of ACTH which stimulates the production of melanin.

48
Q

Origin of Langerhans cells

A

Mesenchymal origin in bone marrow

49
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

prickle cell, dermis, lymph nodes

50
Q

Found specifically in Langerhans cells

A

Racket organelles - Birbeck granules

51
Q

Birbeck granules

A

Racket shaped organells in langerhans cells **

52
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

in the basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

53
Q

Skin mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel cells

54
Q

Merkel cell cancer?

A

rare but very malignant form of cancer caused by a viral infection - no cure and usually found in the elderly

55
Q

Hair follicle is made up of…

A

specialised keratins with an adjacent sebaceous glands and a dermal papilla

56
Q

The development of a hair follicle

A

originates in the ectoderm and then transfers down into the mesoderm where the papilla and vasculature form

57
Q

Phases of growth of hair (3)

A

Anagen, Catagen, Telogen

58
Q

Anagen

A

growing

59
Q

Catagen

A

involuting

60
Q

Telogen

A

resting phase

61
Q

hair growth is influenced by hormones such as (2)

A

androgens and thyroxine

62
Q

Hirsutism

A

hair growth in the androgen receptor areas in females, which may be due to an androgen secreting tumour

63
Q

Alopecia

A

An autoimmune hair loss

64
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

the interface between the epidermis and the dermis

65
Q

Bullous pemphigoid is common in which age group?

A

the elderly

66
Q

What happens in bullous pemphigoid?

A

essential anchoring proteins fail causing in a separation of the dermis and the epidermis resulting in blisters

67
Q

Common conditions associated with the development of bullous pemphigoid?

A

PD, Stroke and IgG antibodies against the junction

68
Q

Defective protein in Epidermylosis Bullosa

A

DE17

69
Q

3 Layers in the dermo-epidermal junction

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa, sub-lamina densa

70
Q

Ground substance in the dermis

A

Hyuloronic acid

71
Q

Cells found in the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, langerhans cells

72
Q

Cause of angiomas

A

overgrowth of the superficial and deep plexuses of the vasculature supplying the dermis

73
Q

How may angiomas be treated

A

b-blockers

74
Q

2 types of corpuscles found in the skin

A

Meissner’s, Pancinian

75
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

special somatosensory receptors sensitive to vibrations

76
Q

Pancinian corpuscles

A

special somatosensory receptors sensitive to pressure

77
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

a rare genetic overgrowth of the nerve endings in the skin which may also cause brain tumours.

78
Q

Key features of sebacceous glands (3)

A
  1. widely distributed with holocrine secretion opening into the piliary canal 2. largest on chest and face 3. control moisture loss and protect against fungal infection
79
Q

Key features of appocrine glands (3)

A
  1. develop as part of the pilosebacceous unit 2. mostly in axillae and perineum 3. androgen dependent producing oily fluids (adolescence) Appocrine Adolescence
80
Q

Key features of eccrine glands (4)

A
  1. found everywhere but mostly on palms, soles and axillae 2. sympathetic cholinergic supply 3. mental, thermal and gustatory stimulation 4. cooling by evaporation - sweat Eccrine Everywhere
81
Q

How does the skin produce vitamin D?

A

UV light converts cholecalciferol into vitamin D

82
Q

Important structural proteins found in the keratin layer (3)

A

filaggrin, involucrin, keratin

Y2 Dermatology (12 decks)

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