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Dermatology > Skin structure and function > Flashcards

Skin structure and function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

what is the outermost layer of the skin called?

A

epidermis

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2
Q

what is the layer beneath the epidermis called?

A

dermis

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3
Q

what is the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified cellular epithelium (squamous?)

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4
Q

what is the dermis made up of?

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

which germ layers form the dermis?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

pigment producing cells

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7
Q

where are melanocytes derived from in the embryo?

A

neural crest

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8
Q

where did the epidermis derive from in the embryo?

A

derives from ectoderm cells from a single layer periderm, there is then a gradual increase in cells until the periderm cells cast off and only epidermis is left

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9
Q

what is present in the first 4 weeks of fetal development?

A

Pretty basic derm (PBD)

Periderm
Basal layer
Dermis (corium)

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10
Q

what is present at 16 weeks of fetal development?

A

Keratin Layer
Granular Layer
Prickle cell Layer
Basal Layer
Dermis

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11
Q

what is present at 26 weeks of fetal development?

A

Epidermis
Melanocyte
Sebaceous gland
Arector pili muscle
Hair follice

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12
Q

What is Blaschko’s lines?

A

the developmental growth pattern of skin

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13
Q

what does skin consist of ?

A

Epidermis
Appendages (nail, hair, glands, mucosae)
Dermo-epidermal junction
Dermis
Sub- cutis

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14
Q

what is sub cutis predominantly made of?

A

fat

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15
Q

what are the epidermal cell layers from the outermost layer to the innermost layer?

A

keratin layer
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal layer

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16
Q

what are some examples of a loss of control in regulation of epidermal turnover?

A

psoriasis
skin cancer

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17
Q

what are some things that can regulate epidermal turnover?

A

growth factors
cell death
hormones

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18
Q

what happens to keratinocytes as the epidermis is regenerated?

A

keratinocytes migrate and differentiate into flattened, dead squames from the basement membrane to the surface

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19
Q

what cells is the basal layer made up of?

A

small cuboidal

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20
Q

how thick is the basal layer?

A

one cell thick

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21
Q

what are the types of epidermal cells?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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22
Q

what cell produces pigment?

A

melanocytes

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23
Q

what organelles fo melanocytes contain?

A

melanosomes

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24
Q

what is an example of an autoimmune disease where there is a loss of melanocytes?

A

vitiligo

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25
Q

what is a tumour of the melanocyte cell line?

A

malignant melanoma

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26
Q

why do Blashko’s lines exist?

A

they exist due to the germ layer cells migrating during gastrulation

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27
Q

what are appendages?

A

structures in the skin that are not the different layers (keratin layer, granular layer, prickle layer, basal layer and dermis)

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28
Q

what is located between the prickle cells?

A

desmosomes

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29
Q

role of desmosomes?

A

let the cells hang on and come apart, allow cell to cell contact

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30
Q

what are the granule cells full of?

A

filaggrin

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31
Q

what happens if you lack filaggrin?

A

the skin dries out, can cause eczema

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32
Q

what stops water from entering your body?

A

the tight, thin, waterproof keratin layer

33
Q

what disease affects the keratinocytes?

A

Human papilloma virus affects keratinocytes causing warts

34
Q

why is healthy mucosal membrane in the mouth red?

A

because the layers are so thin you can see the vascular plexus

35
Q

what colour is unhealthy mucosal membrane in mouth and why?

A

white because the layers have thickened so you can no longer see the vascular plexus

36
Q

where are merkel cells found?

A

between keratinocytes and nerve fibres in the epidermis

37
Q

3 parts of hair cycle?

A

anagen, catagen and telogen

38
Q

what is the anagen phase?

A

growing

39
Q

what is the catagen phase?

A

involuting

40
Q

what is the telogen phase?

A

resting phase of hair

41
Q

what is structure behind the blue box called?

A

subaceous gland

42
Q

what is the structure behind the blue box?

A

hair shaft

43
Q

what is the structure behind the blue box?

A

external root sheath

44
Q

whats the structure behind the blue box?

A

internal root sheath

45
Q

whats the structure behind the blue box?

A

matrix

46
Q

what’s the strucutre behind the blue box?

A

arrector pili muscle

47
Q

whats the structure behind the blue box?

A

medulla

48
Q

whats the structure behind the blue box?

A

cortex

49
Q

what structure is behind the blue box?

A

papilla of hair follicle

50
Q

what is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

an interface between the epidermis and dermis

51
Q

what is the role of the dermo epidermal junction?

A

It has a key role in epithelial- mesenchymal interactions

  • support, anchorage, adhesion, growth and differentiation of basal cells
  • is. semi permeable membrane so actd as barrier and filter
52
Q

what is the layer of the skin highlighted in red called?

A

epidermis

53
Q

what is the layer highlighted in red called?

A

dermo- epidermal junction

54
Q

what is the layer of skin highlighted in red called?

A

dermis

55
Q

what is the layer of skin highlighted in red called?

A

subcutaneous fat

56
Q

what is the dermo epidermal junction made up of?

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa and sub lamina densa zone

57
Q

whats are examples of diseases that can occur f there’s a problem with the dermo epidermal junction?

A
  • bullous pemphigoid
  • epidermolysis bullosa
58
Q

what cells does the dermis contain?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • lymphocytes
  • langerhans cells
59
Q

how is the dermis different depending on ethnic background?

A

thickness is propotional to degree of pigmentation so it is thicker in asian, hispanic/ latino and african/ american skintypes compared to caucasion.

African/ American skin has larger and more fibroblasts and macrophages

60
Q

where is the basal layer found?

A

at the bottom of the epidermis

61
Q

what occurs to skin when there’s sun damage?

A

dermis thickens and skin loses its elasticity

62
Q

what is the order of blood flow to the skin?

A

arteries-> arteriole -> precapillary sphincters -> venous capillaries -> post capillary venues -> collecting venues -> back to heart

63
Q

what occurs if theres a benign dilatation of the blood vessels in the dermal tissue?

A

angioma

64
Q

what is the role of lymphatic vessels in the skin?

A
  • immune surveillance by circulating lymphocytes and Langerhans cells
  • continual drainage of plasma proteins, extravasated cells and excess interstitial fluid
  • the channelling of microorganisms/ toxins
65
Q

what can occur if theres recurring bacteria getting into the epidermis?

A

chronic lymphoedema

66
Q

what nerves detect pressure?

A

Pacinian

67
Q

what nerves ditect vibrations?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

68
Q

what is the pilosebaceous unit made out of?

A

hair follicle, hair shaft, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

69
Q

what are the 3 segments that the hair follicle is made up of?

A

the infundibulum, the isthmus and the hair bulb

70
Q

how many hairs is it normal to lose a day?

A

up to 100

71
Q

what are the 3 types of glands that can be found in the dermis?

A

sebaceous

apocrine

eccrine

72
Q

what does the sebaceous gland secrete?

A

sebum

73
Q

what does the eccrine gland secrete?

A

watery sweat

74
Q

where abouts are sebaceous glands found?

A

all over body however are extra big on face, chest and back

75
Q

in what way can skin act as a barrier?

A
  • physically (friction/trauma + UV radiation)
  • Chemically (irritants, allergens + toxins)
  • Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
76
Q

what does skin metabolise?

A

vitamin D and thyroid hormone

77
Q

what is the role of sebaceous glands?

A
  • control moisture loss
  • protection from fungal infection
78
Q

what gland is responsible for odour?

A

apocrine

Dermatology (17 decks)

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