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Skin pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • statum corneum
  • stratum spinocum
  • stratum basale
  • basement membrane below these
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2
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A
  • vessels
  • collagen
  • nerves
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3
Q

What is adnexa?

A
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
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4
Q

What are examples of epidermal responses to injury?

A
  • hyperkeratosis
  • epidermal hyperplasia
  • malassezia
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5
Q

What is hyperkeratosis?

A
  • =increased thickness of the stratum corneum
  • very common feature of longstanding surface trauma
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of hyperkeratosis?

A
  • dry flaky skin
  • scales
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7
Q

What are the diseases/conditions characterised by hyperkeratosis?

A
  • any chronic surface injury
  • seborrhea
  • zinc deficiency
  • endocrinopathies
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8
Q

What is this animal presenting?

A
  • severe hyperkeratosis
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9
Q

What condition is this?

A
  • hyperkeratosis due to zinc deficiency
  • very thick layer (epidermis)
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10
Q

What disease does this calf have?

A
  • congenital ichtyosis (fish skin disease)
  • hairless skin
  • thickened and scaly
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11
Q

What is epidermal hyperplasia?

A
  • increased numbers (therefore layers) of keratinocytes in the epidermis
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12
Q

What is Acanthosis?

A
  • specific term that refers to increase thickness of the stratum granulosm
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13
Q

What is the earliest reaction to skin injury?

A
  • epidermal hyperplasia
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14
Q

What condition is this showing? What are the signs?

A
  • epidermal hyperplasia
    • see mild hyperkeratosis
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15
Q

What condition does this dog have?

A
  • long standing duration epidermal hyperplasia = alopecia
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16
Q

What condition is shown here?

A
  • malassezia
  • keratinocytes
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17
Q

In what circumstances can epidermal hyperplasia occur?

A
  • occurs in hypersensitivity disorders (allergy)
  • e.g. flea bite reactions
  • recruits eosinophils and mast cells
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18
Q

What skin condition is shown here?

A
  • lichenification (severe epidermal hyperplasia)
  • thickened and leathery skin = exaggeration of the normal skin markings resulting from longstanding surface trauma or friction
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19
Q

What is this and where does it normally occur?

A
  • callus =thickened often pigmented and hyperkeratotic plaque
  • hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia at the same time
  • tends to occur at pressure points such as elbow/ chronic licking/ rubbing
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20
Q

What are vesicles and bullae and what are the causes?

A
  • = fluid filled cavities within or beneath the epidermis (blister)
  • causes
    • frictional trauma
    • autoimmune diseases (targeting IC juntions between keratinocytes)
    • burns
    • viral diseases (FMD)
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21
Q

What is the difference between vesicles and bullae?

A
  • vesicle = <1cm
  • bullae = >1cm
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22
Q

What is shown here?

A
  • vesicle and bullae
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23
Q

What is shown by the star?

A
  • sub-epidermal vesicle due to thermal burn
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24
Q

What are examples of vesicular diseases? and how do vesicles form?

A
  • FMD
  • vesicular stomatitis
  • vesicular exanthema
  • swine vesicular disease
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25
What is a pustule and what are the causes?
* vesicle containing pus (=degenerate neutrophils, inflammatory cells) * causes: * autoimmune diseases (e.g. pemphigus) * bacterial infections (e.g. staphylococcal infection = superficial pyoderma)
26
What is this?
* pustule * contained within epidermis
27
What is shown here?
* pustule * pemphigus foliceus subcorneal pustule
28
What may erosions and ulcers be the result of? and what do they imply?
* result of: * mechanical trauma (e.g. pruritus) * infectious * inflammation * neoplasia * thermal burns * ischaemia * chemical damage * radiation * Imply * some degree of necrosis of the ep cells in epidermis
29
What are these?
* if there is bleeding - damage is underneath the BM (no vessels in the epidermis) = ulcer
30
Is this more likely to be an ulcer or erosion? Why?
* ulcer * bleeding * lesion has crossed BM
31
What is this showing?
* erosion/ ulceration * have loss of epidermis and exposure of dermis
32
What is a crust?
* =consolidated, dessicated, surface exudate that contains keratin, serum, cellular debris (from inflam cells and/ or keratinocytes), variable rbcs (haemorrhage) and often microorganisms * often the end result is loss of integrity of epidermis
33
WHat is this?
* crust * (partially replaces epidermis)
34
What does this slide show?
* crust
35
How does crust form?
36
What is Neoplasia?
* neoplasia in the epidermis can only arise from epithelial cells (keratinocytes) * benign = papilloma (wart) * malignant = carcinoma (usually squamous)
37
Causes of neoplasia?
* often spontaneous * viral infections (e.g. papillomavirus) * chronic sunlight exposure (white coated animals)
38
WHat is this showing?
* papilloma
39
What is this showing?
* squamous cell carcinoma * neoplastic cells invade the underlying dermis and form accumulations of keratin
40
What is this cat presenting with?
* squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) * ep cells invading tissue underneath
41
What is atrophy? (dermal response to injury)
* = decrease in the mass of a tissue (skin) due to decreased size/ number of its cells (after its reached its normal size) * in the dermis = decreased quantity of collagen fibrils; clinically thin, translucent skin, with prominent vasculature
42
What are the causes of atrophy?
* malnutrition * endocrinopathies (e.g. hypothyroidism, Cushings)
43
What is this showing and why?
* atrophy of collagen * adnexa go into atrophy
44
What is inflam of the dermis called?
* dermatitis * inflam cells are present in the dermis (lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils)
45
What are these?
46
What are the causes of dermatitis?
* infectious (bacteria, viruses, parasites) * bacteria attract neutrophils and macrophages * viruses attract lymphocytes and plasma cells * parasites attracts eosinophils * autoimmune or immune-mediated * lymphoplsmacytic inflam * allergic * eosinophili inflam
47
What is erythema?
* reddening of the skin * due to increased blood supply to the area and vasodilation * associated with acute inflam
48
What is eosinophilic dermatitis associated with?
* parasite infection * allergy-type reaction * collagen necrosis * degeneration
49
What is this condition?
* feline miliary dermatitis * crusts, ulcers/ erosion/ erythema
50
What is this animal presenting with?
* cat, flea-allergy dermatitis * hair loss * redness * hyperaemia * inflam cells in dermis
51
What is this dog presenting with?
* flea allergy * erythema and alopecia
52
What kind of dermatitis is this?
* eosinophilic dermatitis * flea allergy * more nuclei * lots of inflam cells * oedema in dermis
53
What is the hallmark of granulomatous/ pyogranulomatous dermatitis?
* mycobacterium spp. * main inflam cell = macrophage
54
What inflam is this?
* granulomatous inflam * lots of macrophages * few neutrophils
55
What is this? and what is it caused by?
* feline leprosy * caused by mycobacteria
56
What is this?
* Leishmania
57
What is lymphoplasmacytic inflam caused by?
* chronic infections in general * diseases characterised by lymphocyte and plasma cells infiltrates: * viral infections * autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases
58
What type of lymphoplasmacytic inflam is this? and what species does it affect?
* discoid erythematosus * uncommon * dogs and horses
59
What type of dermatitis is this showing?
* interface dermititis (obscuring the BM)
60
What is neutrophilic inflam associated with?
* bacterial infection (either primary or secondary) * can form discrete abcesses * common in the dermis associated with: * rupture of hair follicles * penetrating injury
61
What is this?
* subcutaneous abscess * (dermis, subcutis and pushing on muscle)
62
What is this?
* neoplasia - benign cutaneous histiocytoma * seen in young dogs
63
label this
64
Where do the main adnexal diseases occur?
* in hair follicle
65
What is folliculitis/ furunculosis?
* folliculitis- inflam of hair follicle * furunculosis - inflam of the hair follicle + rupture
66
What causes folliculitis and furunculosis?
* almost always infectious: * staphylococcus sp * demodex sp (mange) * dermatophytes (ringworm)
67
Describe the evolution of folliculitis?

FD3 (13 decks)

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