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FD3 > Bacteria, fungi and yeast of the skin (part 2) > Flashcards

Bacteria, fungi and yeast of the skin (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 examples of bacterial diseases of production animals?

A
  • erysipelothrix in pigs
  • foot rot in sheep, goats, cattle, horses
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2
Q

What bacteria causes erysipelothrix in pigs?

A
  • erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
    • gram positive, catalase negative, rod shaped, non-spore forming
    • produces H2S
    • non-haemolytic
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3
Q

What condition does this pig have and what is it presenting?

A
  • erysipelothrix
    • present in tonsillar tissues, shed in faeces
    • symptoms: febrile episodes, painful joints, lethargy, distress
    • diamond skin
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4
Q

How do you treat erysipelothrix?

A
  • penicillin
  • tetracycline
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5
Q

What are the 2 steps of foot rot infection?

A
  • starts with Fusobacterium necrophorum
    • gram negative rod, strict anaerobe
    • found in environment
    • can enter foot through breakage or weakness of the skin surrounding hoof
  • second stage: dichelobacter nodosus
    • gram negative anaerobe
    • fimbrial adhesion structures
    • treated with antibiotics
    • only bacterium initiating invasion of the hoof matrix
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6
Q

What does development of footrot lesions depend on?

A
  • the presence of D.nodosus and the particular strain involved
  • host susceptibility
  • environmental factors (temps of >10 degrees, adequate moisture, pasture length/ density)
  • predisposing infection with other bacteria between the claws e.g. F.necrophorum
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7
Q

What are the fungi affecting the skin?

A
  • yeasts e.g. malassezia
  • dermatophytes
  • microsporum spp
  • trichophyton spp
  • envrionmental fungi
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8
Q

What are the signs/ gross pathology seen in fungal diseases?

A
  • pruritus
  • alopecia
  • scaling/crusts
  • pustules/ crusts
  • nodules, tumours
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9
Q

What are the types of fungal disease?

A
  • superficial
    • located in the epidermis
    • often endogenous, already present on the skin, contact-spread or spores
    • dermatophytes and yeasts
      • candida albicans
      • malassezia yeast
      • ringworm
  • subcutaneous infections
    • mostly exogenous
    • located in dermis and subcutaneous tissues
    • inserted by trauma
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10
Q

Ringworm: what are the 3 important anamorphic genera?

A
  • microsporum
  • trichophton
  • epidermophyton
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11
Q

General signs of dermatophytes?

A
  • scaling
  • alopecia
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12
Q

What is Trychopython spp?

A
  • common soil dermatophilic fungus
  • rarely causes infection in man/ animals
  • readily isolated from soil by hair baiting
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13
Q

What are some features of Microsporum canis?

A
  • macrocondria are abundant
    • thick-walled with many septa, up to 15
  • macrocondria are often hooked or curved at ends
  • microcondria are small and clavate
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the most common dermatophytes of cattle?

A
  • Trichophyton verrucosum
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16
Q

What age of cattle, and what season is dermatophytosis most common in?

A
  • most common in calves
    • nonprutitic lesions
    • generalised skin disease may develop
    • lesions are characteristically discrete, scaling patches of hair loss with grey-white crust formation
  • most common in winter
  • more common in English species
  • spontaneous recovery common
17
Q

WHat is the treatment for Dermatophytes of cattle?

A
  • topical treatment
  • vaccination
18
Q

What causes Dermatophytes in dogs and cats?

A
  • dogs:
    • microsporum canis (70%)
    • M.gypseum (20%)
    • trichophyton mentagrophytes (10%)
  • cats:
    • microsporum canis
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of dermatophytes of dogs/cats?

A
  • dogs: alopecia, scaly patches, broken hairs, regional or generalised folliculitis and furunculosis with papules and pustules
  • cats: focal alopecia, scaling, and crusting around ears, face or extremities
20
Q

What is the primary cause of dermatophytes in horses?

A
  • trichophyton equinum, T.mentagrophytes
21
Q

What are the clinical signs in horses with dermatophytes and how is it transmitted?

A
  • 1 or more patches of alopecia and erythema
  • scaling
  • crusting
  • especially in saddle and girth areas
  • transmitted by direct contact and grooming equipment
22
Q

How do you treat horses with dermatophytes?

A
  • topical treatment
    • whole body rinses
    • treatment of individual lesions
  • isolation of affected horses
23
Q

What is Dermatophytes in pigs, sheep and goats caused by? Which is it common in?

A
  • pigs: microsporum nanum, often asymptomatic
  • sheep/ goats: M.canis, M.gypseum, T. verrucosum
  • in show lambs problematic, but not commonly in production flocks of sheep and goats
24
Q

What does the severity of ringworm disease depend on? (2)

A
  • strains or species of fungus involved
  • sensitivity of the host to a particular fungus
25
Q

Why would more severe reactions occur with ringworm?

A
  • when a dermatophyte crosses host lines
26
Q

How do you diagnose dermatophytes?

A
  • hair plucks/ coat brishings, UV light (woods lamp)
  • look for fungal hyphae
  • growth > very slow, start treatment straight away
27
Q

What are the treatments for dermatophytes?

A
  • antifungals (griseofulvin, ketoconazole)
  • dip or shampoo
  • clipping of hairs may reduce spreading
  • keep animals in isolation
  • can be zoonotic
28
Q

What causes Malassezia? Where is it found and what can it cause?

A
  • cause: Malassezia pachydermatis
  • found on skin and in ears of healthy dogs/cats
  • can cause dermatitis
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of malassezia?

A
  • erythema and pruritus
  • alopecia
  • usually secondary to underlying disease
  • diagnosis : acetate strip cytology
30
Q

What is Sporotrichosis? What causes it?

A
  • reported in dogs, cats, horses, cows, camels, dolphins, goats
  • zoonotic (esp cats)
  • caused by Sporothrix schenckii
  • dimorphic and forms mycelia on vegetation
  • yeast-like in tissue and media at 37 degrees
  • difficult to treat
  • very contagious
31
Q
A
32
Q

What do environmental fungi cause?

A
  • rare cause of skin disease
  • opportunistic subcutaneous infection
    • eumycetoma
    • phaehyphomycosis
    • zygomycosis
    • hyalohyphomycosis
  • cutaneous and systemic mycoses
    • histoplasmosis
    • coccidioidomycosis
    • blastomycosis
    • cryptococcosis
33
Q

What are the portal of entries for fungi?

A
  • primary mycoses - inhale spores
  • subcutaneous - inoculation of skin, trauma
  • cutaneous, superficial - contamination of skin
34
Q

What are the virulence factors?

A
  • toxins
  • capsule
  • thermal dimorphism
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • inflam stimulants
35
Q

What are mycetomas?

A
  • subcutaneous
  • granulomatous nodules - tissue
  • tissue granules
  • pigmented fungi - curvularia spp and Madurella spp (black/ dark grain)
  • Acremonium spp - white - grained
36
Q
A

FD3 (13 decks)

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