Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FD3 > Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are Arthropods and what are their features?

A
  • largest animal phylum (85% of all known animals)
  • jointed legs/ limbs, mobile
  • exoskeleton (chitin)
    • need to moult to grow
    • target for biochemical control
  • cold blooded (poikilothermic)
    • seasonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the subgroups of arthropods?

A
  • acari
    • mites
    • ticks
  • insects
    • lice
    • fleas
    • flies
  • crustacea
    • fish ‘lice’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is this?

A
  • house dust mite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is this?

A
  • poultry red mite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 categories of parasitic acari?

A
  • permanent
    • lifecycle entirely on host
    • astigmata, prostigmata
      • skin allergies- mange/scabies
      • respiratory allergies
  • semi-permanent
    • part of lifecycle off host
    • prostigmata, mesostigmata
    • blood sucking
    • vectors of disease
    • skin/resp allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is mange and what is it caused by?

A
  • scabies
  • traumatic damage (burrowing, feeding, scratching)
  • allergic dermatitis
    • salivary secretions
    • sloughed skin (exuvia)
    • excreta (guanine)
    • peritrophic membrane (around excreta) - part of gut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cause of transient mange?

A
  • free living (astigmatic) mites
    • feed infested with mites - swarm over head while feeding
    • similar to excretory antigens to parasitic mites
    • temporary - controlled by good food hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cause of Sarcoptic mange?

A
  • burrowing astigmatid mite
  • can infest a wide range of hosts
  • phenotypic differences (ITS-2 of the mRNA)
  • 1 type species (sarcoptes scabiei)
  • pre-adaptation
  • potentially zoonotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does sarcoptic mange occur? How do the mites manifest?

A
  • adult females burrow into horny layer of skin
  • eggs deposited in tunnels
  • larvae migrate to skin surface, shelter in hair follicles and moult
  • nymohs also moult in hair follicles
  • adult males and females make short burrows (1mm) into the skin - mating burrows
  • the adult female increases in size as her ovaries develop (300-500um)
  • lays 1-3 eggs per day
  • never voluntarily leaves burrow
  • survive off hosr for 17 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do secondary bacterial infections form in sarcoptic mange?

A
  • saliva/ faeces antigenic + damage through burrowing
  • infiltration of eosinophils into epidermis and dermis
  • papules and vesicles form at site of infection - localised eczema, prutitus - scratching, secondary bacterial infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Hyperkeratotic scabies? What are the clinical signs?

A
  • mites multiply very rapidly forming crusty (hyperkeratotic lesions)
  • mites are found in their thousands
  • severe itching
  • large areas of skin show a crusted or scaly appearance
  • highly contagious
  • swelling of lymph nodes
  • strong eosinophilic response - high levels of IgE and IL4
  • high risk of secondary infections - fatal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the predisposing factors for hyperkeratotic scabies?

A
  • very old/ young
  • immunosuppressive drugs
  • alcoholics
  • ethnic groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of mange are shown?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Demodex?

A
  • caused by prostigmatid mite
  • found in most mammalian species
  • host specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What condition is this dog presenting?

A
  • canine demodecosis
    • D.canis - not usually serious
    • can be a cause of generalised demodectic mange
    • serious inflam condition- serum, puss, blood oozing from skin surface- red mange
    • secondary bacterial infections (staphylococcal) infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What has caused this?

A
  • carnivore ear mite (otodectes cynotis)
  • non-burrowing astigmatid mite
  • parasite of ear canal
  • cats, dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Chorioptes bovis? What animals does it infest?

A
  • astigmata
  • permanent/ obligate
  • non burrowing
  • damage aesthetic
  • not host specific
  • infests sheep, goats, horses, cattle, camelids
  • often asymptomatic
  • certain cattle breeds = generalised mange
    • continental breeds (Belgium Blue/ White)
    • Highland Cattle (microclimate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the Predilection sites?

A
  • base of tail
  • perineum and udder
  • scrotum - infertility
  • lower limbs
  • hooves - lameness
  • ears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the only form of equine mange in UK?

A
  • equine chorioptic mange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Psoroptic mange caused by?

A
  • Psoroptes spp
  • non-burrowing Astigmatid mite
  • can infest a wide range of hosts on the body or in ear
  • phenotypic differences- L4 OOS
  • genotypic similarities (ITS-2 of the mRNA)
  • 2 type species
    • P.ovis/ P.cuniculi (body/ears of wide host range)
    • P.natalensis- cattle, body only
  • not zoonotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of mange do these animals have?

A
  • psoroptic mange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which mite is this and why?

A
  • cheyletiella spp
  • characteristic claws
  • prostigmatid mite
  • no-burrowing
  • permanent
  • lives on skin surface
  • allergic dermatitis
  • irritation
  • walking dandruff
    • C.yasgui - dogs
    • C.blakei- cats
    • C.parasitovorax - rabbits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is this mite?

A
  • notoedres cati
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is this mite?

A
  • trixacarus caviae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is C.pilae?
* cere of aviary birds
26
What does C.mutans cause?
* scaly legs
27
What doesnt Cnemidocoptes spp have?
* pegs and spine
28
What is C.gallinae?
* depluming mite
29
What is the poultry red mite and what does it cause?
* mesostigmata * intensive or free range * small scale units * blood feeding * lives in fabric of poultry houses * anaemia - chicks * vector of disease - salmonella * reduced egg production * reduced weight gain * human involvement
30
What is this?
* ophionyssuss natricis
31
What are nasal mites?
* halarachnidae * canine nasal mite * inhabit nasal passageway * heavy infection - sneezing, nose bleeds, sinusitis, mucus, reddening of nasal mucosa, cough, chronic nasal discharge * do nasal swab, rhinoscopy, flush
32
Name one host and multi host ticks
* One host = Rhipicephalus spp * multi ixodes spp * soft tick = argasidae * hard tick = ixodidae
33
Which adult female ticks are these (sheep)?
34
What is the 3 host tick?
* Ixodes ricinus * egg * larvae * nymph * adult * instar feeds every 12 months * gives a 3 year cycle * can be 2-6 years
35
The egg?
* several thousand layed * 2 will survive * wax - stop being dried out * hatching * spring - 16-48 weeks * autumn - 21-28 weeks
36
Describe the larvae of Ixodes ricinus
* found in clumps in vegetation where mother died * seed ticks - 6 legs * breathe through skin - cuticle * return to humid layer if fail to find host * feed off small mammals and birds * fall off into veg * digest blood meal and moult
37
Describe the nymphs of the ixodes ricinus
* larger * 8 legs * breathe through spiracle/ trachea * feed on larger mammals - lambs * feed for 4-8 days * drop off into vegetation - spread further * digest blood meal and moult
38
What is the difference between male and female adult l.ricinus ticks?
* females - engorge with blood * males - feed but do not engorge
39
What is questing?
* finding a host * several weeks * triggered by - increased day length and temps above 7 * attracted to co2, heat, volaltile chemicals * cant survive more than 1 season without feeding * Hallers organ - 1 st pair of legs
40
Where are the feeding sites of ticks in sheep?
* climb on via head/ legs * where there are vessels close to surface * inguinum * axilla * ears * stay on for 6-13 days until engorged
41
Describe the prevalence of ticks
* need moisture * found in moisture retaining ground e.g. rough grazing, moorland * dependent on climate * becoming more abundant * deer * climate change * acaricide * farming practises
42
How are lice adapted to parasitic life?
* dorso ventrally flattened * mouth part and head facing outwards * thoracic and abdominal spiracles * adapted legs and claws * reduced number antennal segments
43
Desctibe the life cycle of lice
* incomplete metamorphosis * 3 nymph stages * no sexual dimorphism
44
Why are lice permanent ectoparasites?
* low powers of survival off the host * small chance of finding new host
45
How does spread of lice occur?
* horizontal * vertical * brushes etc
46
What are mallophaga?
* chewing lice * well developed head and mouthparts * killed by contact insecticides not systemic
47
What are these?
48
What are Anoplura?
* blood sucking lice * thin head and mouth piece - piercing and sucking * haematopinus - pig, bovine, equid * linognathus - bovine, equids, goats, sheep, dogs * solenopotes capitallus - cattle
49
What is this?
* rabbit flea
50
Describe some features of fleas and their adaptations
* vectors of disease * semi-permanent * blood sucking * laterally flattened * antennae in fossa * head - sessile in pro-thorax * backwards facing hairs - setae * combs
51
What fleas infect cats?
* 99% ctenocephalide felis * 1% ctenocephalide canis * archaeopsylla erinacei * pulex irritans * **spilopsyllus cuniculi**
52
WHich fleas affect dogs?
* 93% ctenocephalide felis * 7% ctenocephalide canis * archaeopsyllus erinacei * pulex irritans * spilopsyllus cuniculi * **ceratophyllus fasciatus**
53
What are fleas effect on host?
* flea allergy dermatitis * anaemia * vectors of disease * cat scratch disease * tapeworm * bubonic plague * marine typhus * myxomatosis
54
55
What is the fleas lifecycle?
* complete metamorphosis * adults - 5% * immature - 95% * eggs - 50% * larvae - 35% * pupae - 10% * pupae = resistant stage
56
What flea uses host hormones?
* rabbit flea
57
How do fleas feed?
* Ct.felis - feed every 12 hours * feed to repletion in 10 mins * take in 7ul of blood - double in size * oviposition in 48 hours of feeding * saliva: * anticoagulant * spreading agent * low mol weight compounds * immune response
58
What is FAD?
* flea allergy dermatitis * flea bite: * central spot * halo around it * not much swelling * dogs more allergic to saliva * subsequent bites - inflam reaction
59
Specific signs of FAD in cats and dogs?
* dogs: * papular eruptions - spots - on trunk, base of tail, thighs * crusting/ scabs - self traums * acute pyotraumatic - neck and base of tail * bacterial dermatitis and folliculitits * cats * groom out most * less fleas * 3 conditions: * papulocrustous dermititis * facial alopecia * eosinophilic plaques
60
How to diagnose fleas?
* flea dirt * black, comma shaped specks * put paper towel under animal and rub * black dots on towel * then dampen - dissolve to red-brown liquid * itching * restless and scratching * cats may show no signs
61
What is the pupal window?
* time it takes for adult to emerge
62
What are fleas?
* semi-permanent * adults * parasitic * micropredators * blood sucking * secretophagous * larvae * parasitic * myiasis
63
Which fly is this? (secretophagous)
* head fly - black cap * uni-voltine - 1 brood a year * in pine forests * feed on body secretions * mouth * eyes * udders * blood after horse fly * larvae are carnivorous * vectors of disease * emerge June - Aug * mastitis in summer
64
What effects does the head fly have?
* annoyance * reduced feeding, reduced weight gain * damage
65
What are face flies? (secretophagous)
* feed on body secretions * mouth,eyes,udder * larvae - feed on dung * multi-voltine * vectors * eye worms
66
WHich fly is this and what does it cause?
* face fly * eye worms (thelazia spp)
67
Which fly is this?
* horse fly * blood sucking * uni-voltine * larvae - moist ground - water meadows * only females feed on blood * emerge june -sept
68
Which fly is this?
* stablefly * blood sucking * multo-voltine * larvae - manure * emerge march-november * both sexes feed on blood
69
What are these blood sucking flies?
* mosquitos and midges
70
Which fly larvae undertake myiasis?
* obligate * warble flies * horse bots * sheep nasal bots * faculative * sheep blowfly strike * accidental * crane and hover fly larvae
71
Describe the lifecycle of the warble fly of cattle
* adult - may, june, july * lays eggs on hair - may-june * larvae migrate through skin 7-9 months * emerge on the back of cow dec-june * stay for 1-2 months * then marble grub falls off onto ground * develops into pupa stage - 1-3 months then hatches
72
What is this showing?
* damaged leather by the warble fly
73
Which fly is this?
* horse bot * gasterophillus spp
74
What are the species of horse bot (gasterophilus) and where do they enter?
* G.intestinalis - spread of L1 larvae, invade mucous membrane and burrow in tongue * G. nasalis - hatch sponataously - mouth * G. haemorrhoidalis - hatch in reponse to moisture - lips * G. inermis - spont. burrow into cheek * 56% - stomach, intestine 25%, rectum 12% * effects - oesophageal ulcers, swelling at point of entry, chronic gastritis, loss of condition
75
What is this fly?
* nasal bot fly
76
WHich larvae are these, at what stage?
* 1st and 3rd instar
77
What is causing this?
* sheep nasal bot fly * causes interupted feeding and gadding * irritation - hooks, excreta * catarrhal discharge, sneezing * avoiding behaviour * secondary bacterial infections * mucous membrane inflammation - prevent L3 escape - die in situ
78
Oestrus ovis: clinical signs/ host age?
* more larvae in younger sheep * symptoms more pronounced in older sheep * acquired immunity * clinical signs due to immune response * generally no rise in temp * whole flock treatment not advised - resistance
79
What is sheep blowfly strike?
* major welfare problem * flies dont know farm lines - part of normal fauna * initial - green bottle - l.sericata * semi-permanent * if not treated 3.7-5% lambs struck * secondary by blue bottles - Calliphora erythrocephali - attracted to smell of original lesion of L.sericata * continous waves
80
Describe the adult attraction phase of blowfly strike
* only pregnant L.sericata are attracted * by moisture and decaying matter * not all attracted * 10% = foot, horn, wound * 30% = body * 60% = breech * breech - starts with eggs layed on tail head - treat
81
Describe bowfly oviposition
* L.sericata are attracted to chemicals - ammonia on sheep - lay * eggs hatch in 24 hours * need 70-90% moisture for 14 hours to survive * hot dry weather then heavy rain
82
Describe the sheep phase - development
* larvae migrate down to the skin - usually in the middle of the fleece staple * hooked mouthparts and saliva - eat into sheep * exudate released wets the fleece and also attracts other flies * tertiary strikes
83
How does toxicity occur in sheep phase?
* lipid soluble faecal material of larvae are absorbed through the skin - by passes normal de-toxification * damage vital organs * quick death
84
Prevention of blowfly strike?
* dagging * tail docking * shearing * remove dead animals * control foot rot
85
What are hippoboscoid flies (sheep keds)?
* permanent, obligate * blood sucking * wingless * sheep tick * eggs and larvae develop in female * 3rd instar larvae develop into pupae after depostion * attach to wool * emerge in 2 weeks
86

FD3 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions