Pathology of the alimentary tract I and II Flashcards
What animals is alimentary neoplasia more common in?
- pet carnivores
- longer lifespan
- effective vaccines
Which animals are more likely to have resistant infectious diseases?
- milk, meat and fibre producing animals - ruminants and pigs
Which animals is alimentary viscera displacements most common in?
- horses
What are some diagnostic methods used?
- PCR - diagnose cause of infectious enteritis without culturing
- faecal sampling - entire functioning of tract
- Histological examination of biopsy
- fiberoptic endoscopy used - mouth/ anus/ incision in abdomen - through oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, large colon, view the entire serosal surface of the abdominal viscera - take samples
What should the alimentary tract normally look like?
- should be smooth and shiny
- except the rumen - papilla/ rough
- faeces - anything undigested, effete neutrophils etc - passed into lumen
What are the portals of entry/ pathways of spread in the alimentary tract?
- ingestion
- coughed up from the lungs e.g. R.equi
- parasites moving across barriers
- blood borne infectios attaching to specific receptors on the epithelium
What are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary tract?
- taste buds
- vomiting
- saliva - flushing of the oropharynx, lysozymes, lactoperoxidae, lactoferrin, Ig, protective coating for the mucosa
- gastric pH
- microflora - compete for nutrients, compete for binding sites, immune system maturation
- Paneth cells - antimicronbial peptides, lysozymes
- innate lymphoid cells
- intestinal proteoyltic enzymes
- high rate of ep turnover
- dilution within ingesta
- mucus - phages destroy bacteria
- adaptive IS
Name the oral cavity developmental abnormalities
- Palatoschisis - cleft palate
- Cheiloschisis - cleft lip
SHort/ long mandible/ maxilla?
- Brachygnatia inferior - short mandible
- Brachygnatia superior - short maxilla
- Progniata inferior - long mandible
- Progniata superior - long maxilla
- Agniata - no mandible
What is linked to Palatoschisis in dogs?
- genetics
- Vit A excessive intake in preg
What is this?
- Chelioschisis - cleft lip
- hare
- die within first few days
- aspiration pneumonia
What is this?
- Palatoschisis - cleft palate
- lateral palatine processes failed to fuse during first trimester
What is this showing?
- palatoschisis
- some of the hard palate and all of the soft palate failed to fuse together
- direct communication between oral and nasal cavities
What are these showing?
- Brachigniata inferior and superior
What is stomatitis?
- inflam of the oral cavity
What is Cheilitis?
- inflam of the lips
What is Glossitis?
- inflam of tongue
What is the classification of stomatitis?
- superficial:
- vesicular
- erosive/ ulcer
- chronic granulotamous
- chronic lympho-plasmacytic
- necrotising/ fibrinous
- deep
- granulomatous
- suppurative
What signs will early and mild stomatitis show?
- hyperaemia
- catarrhal exudate
What is this?
- Vesicular stomatitis - fluid between the epithelium and lamina propria
- complete healing as BM intact
- can progress to ulcers and erosions
What are the causes of vesicular stomatitis?
- viral
- FMD
- swine vesicular disease
- vesicular exanthema - swine
- feline calcivirus
- autoimmune
- pemphigus vulgaris
- pemphigus erythematous
- trauma
- foreign body
- photoirritation
- chemical or thermal burn
What are the causes of ulcerative/erosive stomatitis?
- viral
- BVDV
- BHV-1
- MCF
- BTV
- feline calcivirus
- Trauma
- burns
- foreign body
- photoirritation
- metabolic
- ureamia
- eosinophilic ulcer - cat
Which diseases are primarily erosive/ ulcerative or vesicular?
- vesicular = FMD, vescular stomatitides
- erosive/ ulcerative = BVD, MCF, Rinderpest
What is this?
- MCF
What is this?
- BTV
- red swollen and ulcerative dental pads
What is ureamia?
- build up of nitrogen and urea waste due to kidney failure
- damage small vessels in the oral cavtity
- leads to erosion and ulceratiion due to hypoxia
What is photosensitisation?
- ingestion of plants
- metabolised when exposed to light
- activation of molecules - oxidation of skin and mucosa
Examples of necrotising/fibrnous stomatitis?
- thrush
- mouth rot - reptiles
- trichomoniasis
- hyphae/ yeasts on ep surface -> fibrin exudate, hyperkeratosis, inflam, pseudomembranes
WHat is this?
- oral eosinophilic granuloma complex
- upper lip - cat
- lower - dog (granuloma)
What is this?
- lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
- FUSG
- LPS
- FPGP
- FCGS
What are the causes of deep stomatitides?
- foreign body
- infectious
- F.necrophorum - calf diptheria
- Actinobacillus - wooden tongue
- Actinomyces bovis - lumpy jaw
What is lumpy jaw?
- Actinomyces - invades through lesions
- into bone (mandible, maxilla) - infection
What are some benign and malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity?
- benign
- papillomas
- epulides
- malignant
- melanoma
- SSC
- fibrosarcoma
WHat is this?
- wooden tongue
- Actinobacillus - in through lesions e.g. grass seeds
- involvment of lymph nodes and lyphatics
- pyogranuloma
What are the causes of inflammation of the oesophagus?
- viral
- chemical irritants
- ionising radiation
- thrush
- reflux - loss of function of the lower oesophageal sphincter
What is Megaoesophagus - what causes it?
- dilation of the lumen - atony and flaccidity of the oesophageal muscle
- failure of peristalisis of food into stomach
- congenital - idiopathic, right perisiting aortic arch
- acquired - mechanical obstruction, myasthenia gravis, hyperadrenocorticism
What are the oesophageal obstruction sites?
- diaphragmatic hiatus
- thoracic inlet
- larynx
- base of heart
- perforation
- cellulitis
- pneumonia
- bloat
- stenosis
What are some parasitic lesions of the oesophagus?
- sarcocytosis
- spirocerca lupi
- gongylonema
- gasterophilus, hypoderma (fly larvae)
What are the predisposing factors of GDV and the pathogenesis?
- excess gas -> functional obstruction of the cardia and the pylorus -> dilatation -> rotation on the mesenteric axis -> infarction
- compression of the diaphragm, vena cava and portal vein -> reduced venous return, reduced cardiac output and perfusion of the abdominal viscera -> shock
What can happen to the spleen?
- V shaped bending of the enlarged spleen
What is gastric ulcerations?
- imbalance between the acid secretion and mucosal protection
- necrosis of ep cells -> erosion -> ulceration -> bleeding -> perforation -> peritonitis
What are the main signs of gastric ulceration?
- haematemesis
- melena
- anaemia
- abdo pain
What are the causes of gastric ulcers?
- injury to mucosa
- high gastric acidity
- uraemia
- local ischaemia
- infection/ inflammation
- NSAIDs - horses
What is gastric ulceration named in horses?
- Equine gastric ulceration syndrome - EGUS
- ulcers form along margo plicatus in non-glandular stomach
- NSAIDs - block synthesis of PG - reduced secretion of bicarbonate
What are the causes of gastritis in different species?
- dogs/cats
- parasites
- allergic/ immune
- uraemia
- pigs
- infectious
- salmonellosis
- colibacillosis
- ruminants
- clostridia
- parasites
- fungi
- horses
- parasites
What are the different types of gastritis?
- acute/ chronic
- catarrhal
- haemorrhagic
- fungi
- uraemia
- clostridial
- ulcerative
- uraemia
- NSAIDs
- hyperplastic/ proliferative
- ostertagia
What is this?
- ostertagiosis - cobblestone appearance
- worms - causing hypertrophy/plasia of the mucosa
What is this?
- diffuse redding
- uraemia in dog
- uraemia - due to kidney failure
- build up of creatinine and urea
What is this?
- haemorrhagic emphysematous
- thickened abomasal folds with gas bubbles due to BRAXY
What is this?
- ulcer + haemorrhage - infarct
- mulitfocal - fungal
- round = fungal
What neoplasia is found in the stomach?
- epithelial
- polyp/adenoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat
- adenocarcinoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat
- SCC - from squamous mucosa - horses
- Mesenchymal
- Leiomyoma, Leiomyosarcoma - dogs/cats (from muscle layer_)
- Round cell
- Lymphoma (from lymphoid tissue) - all species
