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FD3 > Poxviruses > Flashcards

Poxviruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A
  • Variola major (an Orthopoxvirus)
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2
Q

What is the mortality rate of smallpox?

A
  • 30%
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3
Q

What are survivors of poxvirus left with?

A
  • scarring
  • blindness
  • joint issues
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4
Q

When did Dr. Edward Jenner form the first vaccine and how?

A
  • 1796
  • noticed milk maids were not getting small pox
  • the cows had blisters on their udders
  • he took some of the blisters and injected it into a child
  • child was immune
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5
Q

When was the last known case of smallpox? and when was it declared eradictaed by WHO?

A
  • last known- somalia 1977
  • eradicated- 1980
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6
Q

What are the features of the pox virus? label

A
  • ds DNA virus
  • complex structure
  • large genome- encodes lots of proteins
  • enveloped
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7
Q

Why is it an advantage that poxvirus species share many genetic and antigenic features?

A
  • if you find a vaccine for one, can use for other species (cross protection)
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8
Q

How do poxviruses replicate within cells?

A
  • replicates in the cytoplasm in viral factories (vacuoles in the cell)- work happily with all of their own enzymes. will then expel virions from the cell
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9
Q

What happens if you remove the nucleus?

A
  • the virus can still replicate but the virions cant mature to become infective
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10
Q

Using cell machinery, the poxvirus produces proteins which:

A
  • inhibit host innate immune responses
    • blocks internal cell signalling, and prevents cell sending messages to say help
    • switches off host complement cascade (reduces inflam)
    • steal some of the host cell membrane to hide itself, so can leave cell and infect others unnoticed
  • stops cell undergoing apoptosis
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11
Q

How does transmission of poxvirus occur?

A
  • contacts of infectious material with broken skin (not intact skin)
  • some species also via aerosol, or mechanical (insects)
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12
Q

Poxviruses are epitheliotrophic. What does this mean?

A
  • infect keratinocytes of skin (sometimes mucosae)
  • some poxvirus infections can become systemic
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13
Q

What happens to a cell when it is infected?

A
  • it balloons and will then pop
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14
Q

Label

A
  • inclusion body and cell ballooning
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15
Q

What are these arrows pointing to?

A
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16
Q

Put these in order (order of pox lesions)

A
  • f
  • b
  • d
  • c
  • a
  • e
17
Q

Which animals dont really get poxviruses?

A
  • dogs
  • horses
18
Q

What are the general clinical signs of poxviruses?

A
  • skin lesions most common (vesicles, nodules)
  • fever
  • lymoh node enlargment
  • sometimes systemic (resp/ GIT infection)
19
Q

Where does Monkeypox normally occur?

A
  • central and W Africa
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of monkeypox?

A
  • pox skin lesions
  • flu like symptons in humans
21
Q

What is the mortality rate of monkeypox and from which animal is it normally transmitted?

A
  • 1-10% (milder)
  • transmitted from animals (rodents primary source, sometimes primates)
22
Q

What is Cowpox? Which animals act as a reservoir?

A
  • only rarely affects cows (pustules on teats)
  • wild rodents act as reservoir
23
Q

What happens when a cat gets cowpox?

A
  • usually from rodents
  • pox skin lesions
  • can affect liver/ lungs
  • can be fatal (rare)
24
Q

What is Vaccinia?

A
  • closely related to Variola (smallpox) and cowpox
  • used as vaccines during smallpox eradication campaign
  • name derived from vacca
  • natural host species unknown
25
Q

What was the original purpose of Myxomatosis? Why is there a difference between infection in S.America and Europe?

A
  • was introduced as a form of number control in rabbits
  • natural hosts are rabbits in S.America and Cali, causing benign cutaneous swelling
  • European infection
    • swelling of head/ anogenital regions
    • blepharoconjunctivitus develops
    • transmitted by mosquitos/ fleas
  • Why?
    • virus has co-evolved to not kill host in America
26
Q

What is Orf?

A
  • poxvirus
  • worldwide
  • sheep/ goats
  • contagious pustular dermatitis
  • cutaneous disease
  • pox lesions on mouth and lips
  • persists in scab material in environment
27
Q

WHat does this sheep have?

A
  • orf
28
Q

What are the 3 capripoviruses (CPPV) and what are their mortalities?

A
29
Q

What CPPVs are found in these areas?

A
30
Q

How can you diagnose poxvirus?

A
  • samplying fluid from vesicles provides a lot of virus to test for (10^7 particles per ml/fluid)
  • can then test using;
    • PCR + sequencing
    • electron microscopy
    • ELISA
31
Q

How do you control poxviruses?

A
  • vaccines
  • isolation
  • good hygiene
  • parasite control (lice, swinepox)
32
Q

Why was smallpox eradicated?

A
  • no reservoirs in other species
  • no carrier states
  • no re-infection
  • vaccine is nearly 100% effective
  • vaccine is robust
  • smallpox easy to recognise
  • global effort
33
Q

Why is monkeypox more difficult to eradicate?

A
  • has reservoirs in other species
34
Q
A

FD3 (13 decks)

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